The Native Perspective of Urban Education Essay -- Education

I. IntroductionThis essay reports the state of urban and rural educational growth in public schools, while also contracting on New Orleans public education system. In the literature, we explore factors both internal and easy lay as well as factors external and inclusive that contri alonee to the quandaries of K-12 education in America. To be clear public education as a undivided is not in crisis. Children in more affluent school districts gain a comparative advantage over their impoverished peers because they have strong investments level(p) to the communities overall success. In turn, these children are able to go further with more resources readily available to them. However, children in less affluent school districts face unspoilt educational shortcomings due to little investment in the beggared communities surrounding the school. It is more accurate to say that America has two systems of public education. The first system, based principally, but not entirely in the suburb s of America and in wealthier urban districts, is in many respects mediocre, specifically in comparison to international peers in good industrial nations. However, the second system, based principally in poorer urban and rural areas, is an absolute failure in which an exceeding lean of students dropout well before high school school graduation. An astounding number of students receive high school diplomas that do not certify academic confidence in basic subjects. An outstanding number of students are unprepared for the world of employment. An incredible number of students are unprepared to matriculate to institutions of higher education or advanced training. In this essay, I shall focus on the small yet significant aspect of this educational crisis bey... ...rsnot eliminated in all cases, but closed substantially in many cases. This is in part because a higher percentage of the expenditures in the poorer districts are now being picked up by the states. Likewise, the federal government also picks up expenditures by compensatory education programs.So while money matters, it is not the only thing that matters. School safety and discipline matter significantly. The quality of teachers matters considerably. Support from parents and the surrounding companionship matters radically. And a culture of learning matters drastically. Hence, all of those things must be attended to at the same time, we must concentrate on the preexisting and remaining gaps in resources. This study points to the disparities of public education in historically poor minority communities and the steps necessary to address the issues.(Developing)

Sprite :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

SpriteImage is EverythingThirst is Everything, Image is Nothing we have every seen this slogan slapped on to every one of Sprites harvest-festivals for last couple of months. But what does it mean? Does it mean that someone at a Pepsi convention should order a Sprite, a Coke product, in force(p) act they like the taste? Of course not, cause if they did they would get kicked out at the very least. Advertisers use this sort of slogan to catch your attention, and then they have you advanced where they want. In the most recent Sprite commercials that feature allow Hill of the Detroit Pistons, they show us that the reason why we would have a Sprite is just for the taste of it. But if this was all they are trying to get across to us wouldnt it be flashyer and wiser to use a 6 dollar per hour kid rather than a guy that wont step foot in a place for less that a 100 grand. why would they make a commercial that contradicts itself? The reason an advertisement would contradict its elf like this is for one reason only, to try and fool our wants and desires into becoming our needs.Our needs are solely something that is a necessity for us to survive, such as food and water. We all know we couldnt go long without these simple yet essential things. small-arm our wants and desires for things such as five star restaurants and luxury cars. Which by no means are needed to survive, but just make living all the more fun. Advertisers are masters on how to exploit our desires, and to make us believe that they are our needs. And it is by no means is this easy or cheap for a commercial to be able to do. To be able to make us believe that our life would, in some way, be better with this product by our side. Sprites commercial that plays every time you blindly surf the television channels are all about image. The commercial that is shown the most, features Grant Hill drinking a Sprite. While they state in the back round and print on the screen, Thirst Is Everything, Image Is Nothing. When I source saw this I was thinking, cool a great drink that anyone can have and not look out of place.

Invisible Man Essay: Search for True Identity :: Invisible Man Essays

Search for True Identity in Invisible Man Who the hell am I? (Ellison 386) This question befuddle the invisible man, the unidentified, anonymous bank clerk of Ralph Ellisons acclaimed novel Invisible Man. Throughout the story, the narrator embarks on a mental and physical journey to seek what the narrator believes is current identity, a belief quite mistaken, for he, although unaware of it, had already been inhabiting true identities all along. The narrators life is filled with constant eruptions of mental traumas. The biggest psychological burden he has is his identity, or rather his misidentity. He feels wearing on the nerves (Ellison 3) for people to see him as what they like to believe he is and not see him as what he really is. Throughout his life, he takes on several different identities and none, he thinks, adequately represents his true self, until his final one, as an invisible man. The narrator thinks the many identities he possesses does not reflect himself, but h e fails to recognize that identity is simply a mirror that reflects the surrounding and the person who looks into it. It is only in this reflection of the ready surrounding can the spectator pumps relate the narrators identity to. The viewers see only the part of the narrator that is apparently connected to the viewers own world. The part obscured is mystical and therefore insignificant. Lucius Brockway, an old operator of the paint factory, saw the narrator only as an existence threatening his job, despite that the narrator is sent there to barely assist him. Brockway repeatedly question the narrator of his purpose there and his mechanical credentials but never even bother to inquire his name. Because to the old fellow, who the narrator is as a person is uninterested. What he is as an object, and what that objects relationship is to Lucius Brockways engine room is important. The narrators identity is derived from this relationship, and this relationship suggests to Brockway tha t his identity is a threat. However the viewer decides to see someone is the identity they assign to that person. The Closing of The American Mind, by Allan Bloom, explains this identity phenomenon by comparing two ships of states (Bloom 113). If one ship is to be unceasingly at sea, and K another is to reach port and the passengers go their separate ways, they think about one another and their relationships on the ship very differently in the two cases (Bloom 113).

Use of the Dramatic Monologue in Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess

In Porphyrias Lover and My lowest Duchess, Browning uses several features of dramatic monologue in order to engage and sustain the enliven of the audience. This style of monologue is spoken by a character, which is not the poet, and is usually projected at a detailed moment, as in the case of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover. The speakers unintentionally reveal their insanity, in both poems, through their separate accounts. By making a comparison of the dickens poems, it becomes clear that Browning has utilize similar disturbing themes to illustrate what an individual is capable of doing. Brownings work is known to be an example of dramatic monologue, with this being the dash in which he is able to portray the insanity of his characters. By using the technique of dramatic monologue in Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess, the reader is immediately presumptuousness an image of both of the narrators subjects. The opening line is vital to any po em, as it has the potential to instantly interest the reader. Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall begins My Last Duchess halfway through the conversation, leaving the audience eager to determine to whom the speaker is talking to. This statement also hints that the story of his last duchess will follow, thus sustaining the interest of the audience. By using dramatic monologue in My Last Duchess, the reader feels personally involved in the scene, as if the Duke is directly talking to him. In particular the Duke is speaking to an emissary, who has been sent by a Count to see whether the Duke is an appropriate suitor for his daughter. The lack of response from this envoy however gives the... ...g more of a impassioned poem. The poem also uses iamic tetrameter, in order to stress the importance of different syllables of words in the poem. Porphyrias Lover concludes with a rhyming couplet in order to dapper up and close the piece. In conclusion, Brown ing uses dramatic monologue in Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess in order to engage and sustain the interest of the audience. Various factors, such as the state of mind of both characters, use of language (particularly imagery) and the lay out of the poem contributed to the effectiveness of the poems. When studying comparisons and contrasts in the poems, it becomes clear that Browning has used the same methods of aiming to disturb the reader in both Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess, although different ways in which to alarm the audience are used.

Marxism Politcial Economy Essay -- Economics Marx

According to Marxist political economy, exploitation is the key factor which underpins the re entirely(a)y fundamentals of society. By this Marxists believe exploitation is more than simply an economic phenomenon, but or else a norm created through false consciousness, which has infested itself within all aspects of society stretching from the state, to the very structure of the social system.Marx stress on exploitation lies in his belief that the value of a commodity is purely derived from the collect labour expended to produce such a good. Although the labour possible action of value was originally contemplated by Classical Economist such as Smith/Ricardo the emphasis for Marx was on labour as a value rather than simply a cost in the production process. As Dooley explains Marx maintained that labour was the touch on value creating substance (Dooley 2005) and this point is further developed by Sayer who states that the fundamental distinguishing characteristic of Marxism is the existence of labour-power as a commodity. (Sayer 1979). For Marx labour was the source of all wealth in society, which would ultimately be transformed by the bourgeoisie into surplus value and profit through numerous industrial policies such as specialisation through division of labour. Capitalism is a system that encourages alienation of the worker as the commodities produced are not produced for need or desire, but instead in the pursuit of profit. Its from this concept that exploitation can be explained. Marx defined exploitation as the surplus value extracted from the labour force in order to generate profit. This would be achieved through paying wages lower than the value of the commodity produced. Such a theory remains evident in the n... ...Economy. London International Publishers. 19 - 23. Marx, K and Engels, F (2002). The Communist Manifesto. 3rd ed. London Penguin. 219. Marx, K and Engels, F (2002). The Communist Manifesto. 3rd ed. London Penguin. 258. Powell , B and Skarbek, D. (2004). Sweatshops and threesome World Living Standards. The Independent Institute. 53 (1), 6, 10. Sayer, Derek (1979). Marxs Method Ideology, Science & Critque in Capital. 2nd ed. Brighton The Harvester Press Limited. 44-45. Sumner Colin (1979). Reading Ideologies an investigation in to the Marxist theory of ideology and law. London Academic Press Inc. 44.Woodley, Daniel (2009). Political Ideologies. Spain p43. Woodley, Daniel (2009). Political Ideologies. Spain p42http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7242492.stm (2008)http//www.indexmundi.com/bangladesh/gdp_real_growth_rate.html

Marxism Politcial Economy Essay -- Economics Marx

According to Marxist political economy, exploitation is the key factor which underpins the very fundamentals of society. By this Marxists believe exploitation is more than simply an economic phenomenon, but instead a norm created by means of false consciousness, which has infested itself within all aspects of society stretching from the state, to the very social system of the social system.Marx emphasis on exploitation lies in his belief that the value of a commodity is purely derived from the accumulated labour expended to produce such a good. Although the labour theory of value was originally contemplated by Classical Economist such as Smith/Ricardo the emphasis for Marx was on labour as a value rather than simply a cost in the production process. As Dooley explains Marx maintained that labour was the sole value creating substance (Dooley 2005) and this point is hike up developed by Sayer who states that the fundamental distinguishing characteristic of Marxism is the exist ence of labour-power as a commodity. (Sayer 1979). For Marx labour was the source of all wealth in society, which would ultimately be transformed by the bourgeoisie into surplus value and profit through numerous industrial policies such as specialisation through division of labour. capitalist economy is a system that encourages alienation of the worker as the commodities produced are not produced for need or desire, but instead in the pursuit of profit. Its from this belief that exploitation can be explained. Marx defined exploitation as the surplus value extracted from the labour force in order to generate profit. This would be achieved through paying wages lower than the value of the commodity produced. Such a theory remains evident in the n... ...Economy. London International Publishers. 19 - 23. Marx, K and Engels, F (2002). The Communist Manifesto. 3rd ed. London Penguin. 219. Marx, K and Engels, F (2002). The Communist Manifesto. 3rd ed. London Penguin. 258. Powell, B and Skarbek, D. (2004). Sweatshops and Third World Living Standards. The Independent Institute. 53 (1), 6, 10. Sayer, Derek (1979). Marxs Method Ideology, Science & Critque in Capital. 2nd ed. Brighton The Harvester squash Limited. 44-45. Sumner Colin (1979). Reading Ideologies an investigation in to the Marxist theory of ideology and law. London Academic Press Inc. 44.Woodley, Daniel (2009). Political Ideologies. Spain p43. Woodley, Daniel (2009). Political Ideologies. Spain p42http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7242492.stm (2008)http//www.indexmundi.com/bangladesh/gdp_real_growth_rate.html

Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci

I visited the Louvre in Paris, France and the unmatchable thing that I knew for sure that I precious to see was the Leonardo Da Vinci masterpiece. I took the metro that led me into a mall where I walked down a very long hall of shops on each side. Finally, we reached the large inverted pyramid on the middle of a large room. If facing the pyramid with the long hall of the mall to your back, you can touch sensation forward and to the left and you will see an entrance to Comedie-Francaise.It doesnt look like much from just the doorway from inside the mall of the Louvre besides it is an underground studio theatre where you can watch French comedy shows or plays. Leonardo De Vinci used oils to paint the Mona Lisa creating a life like moving picture. The sizing of this painting was not a big as I expected to be but the painting itself is amazing. I did not feel there were whatever distinct lines, but there were plenty of shading that allowed every part to flow right into the next. Lik e, how the clothing flows softly into a hand, or how her forehead abruptly blends into her hair.I speculate of this painting like it was photograph, it is brilliant how her chin stops and her neck begins with subtle lines, nothing over exaggerated. De Vinci used colors that seemed to draw attention to her hardiness as the focal point. There is a perfect contrast of colors between her pale, soft looking skin against her dark dress catches the eye. This contrast is so apparent that you can even see the color of her hands are just a little darker than the color of her face, which assists in drawing the viewers attention to her face.Her facial expression is the what makes her face the obvious focal point of this painting. It pulls out a lot of questions from the mind. Is she smiling? If so, what or who was she was smiling at? Is it a smile to go along with a playful glance as if she was expressing all of her thoughts to the one she was looking at? Or is she even looking at anyone or anything? Just the smile held so many different meanings. It seems to me that it is a smile of happiness or flirtation. Maybe she is just at peace most something.But then again, after studying it for some time, her smile could mean something completely different. It could be a serious smile and once you think it may be one of seriousness, it can change your mind of what her eyes are saying. My view of her facial expressions can be completely different to anyone else, but I think that is the point of any type of painting. One thing that took me a while to notice was that she had no eyebrows or even eyelashes. I thought it was painted that way, and so did everyone else in the room.After a long while of gazing at this painting I overheard a tour guide telling he group that she did in item have them at one time and they had gradually disappeared over time, possibly as a result of cleaning over many years. I time-tested to visualize what she would look like with them, or if it would c ompletely change my view of her expressions but I think that with the eyebrows and eyelashes missing add a slight semi-abstract theatrical role to her face. One other thing that I knew but never took the time to realize was that Leonardo da Vinci used a wood panel for his painting.What a magnificent piece of art, to look so realistic and yet on a piece of wood. This only goes to show how great of an artist Leonardo da Vinci really was. An oil painted masterpiece on a wood panel painted in 16th century still in one piece and preserved well enough for it to be available for all to see and study is amazing to me. The observers job is to interpret the painting and try to visualize what it was that the artist is expressing as they created their art work. Knowing now, what I have learned in this class gives me opportunity to truly understand what it meant to be able to view such a masterpiece.

Promote Positve Behaviour

1. Identify types of challenging conduct.There are many types of behaviour that can be described as challenging. Examples of these include self-injury (eg head banging, self-biting, skin picking)physical aggression or violent behaviour (eg punching, scratching, kicking, biting, pulling hair) verbal aggression (eg threats, insults, excessive swearing)disruption and destruction of stead or the environment (eg ripping clothes, breaking windows or furniture) racist or sexist behaviour.Stereotyped behaviours (eg rocking, spinning, hand flapping) inappropriate or unacceptable sexual behaviour (eg masturbating in public, touching others inappropriately or showing pornography) smearing and urination (eg smearing faeces, urinating in inappropriate places) stealing (eg taking possessions/food that do not belong to the individual) manipulative, deceitful and non-compliant behaviour (eg refusing to move, refusing to engage in an activity despite being able, telling lies) absconding (eg leaving school/home/residential service without permission).3. Explain the steps that are interpreted to maintain the dignity of and respect for an individual when responding to an incident of challenging behaviour. Children must always be treated with dignity and respect with. This may be uncontrollable when their behaviour is threatening to their peers or members of staff, however it is essential to remember that its the behaviour that is adverse and not the YP. When challenging the behaviour it is important to disapprove of the blackball behaviour, not the individual.Should the situation require reactive strategies, it is important to uphold best practise and continue to treat the YP in a child centred way, according to their position plan, risk assessment and positive handling plan, paying attention to the YP faith, beliefs, culture while maintaining dignity. For example, when holding a YP, ensuring that the hold is not intrusive, especially to private split of the body. Should the YP clothes ride up, for staff to inform the YP that they are about to adjust their clothing. It is important to maintain dignity and respect when recording the incident. Notusing a derogatory tone when referring to the YP, instead recording in a way that describes the negative behaviour displayed by the YP.

Explain for Which Reasons the Real Wage Is Expected

Explain for which reasons the objective plight is expected to be acyclical in the classical present, countercyclical in The Keynesian Model and Procyclical in the New Keynesian model. Which model better fits the empirical evidence? Introduction The concept of concrete takes has increasing logical implication in the current world. Rising inflation and recession in almost all major economies have led to the importance of studying real pay with respect to prices and economies themselves. Such a study would require an in-depth understanding of the business cycle of real take.From Classical theory to New Keynesian theory, Cyclicality of real hire has been defined in contrasting terms. Much of the conflicting evidence is simply characteristic of empirical research. Researchers use different model specifications and estimation techniques. Empirical results atomic number 18 often sensitive to the choice of cyclical indicators and time current chosen (Dimelis, 2007). This essay see ks to explain why real wage is expected to be acyclical in the classical model, counter-cyclical in the Keynesian model and procyclical in the New Keynesian model and shed light on which model best fits empirical evidence.Real pursue Real wage is defined as the wage paid to the average worker divided by the price level. (Delong and Olney,2006 p. 535) It therefore measures the cost of labour in real terms as it is the number of units of output that can be exchanged for one time-based unit of work. (Levacic and Rebmann, 1982) The Classical Model In the classical model, the grassroots assumption is that prices and reward argon flexible. The basis of classical theory is that the trades work perfectly, that prices adjust rapidly to cover any gap that may arise due to a difference in the quantities pauperizationed and supplied. Delong and Olney,2006) The classical model thus assumes full employment, i. e. the actual output matches the potential output of the economy. Since prices a tomic number 18 flexible, an increase in the bring of labour testament lead to a deficit in the demand, as a result some workers pull up stakes become unemployed, and some of the unemployed will offer their labour at a disappoint wage in an attempt to secure employment. As a result, those employed will also lower their reinforcement ca apply the wage to decline relative to price level P, and real wage to fall.Due to the law of diminishing returns of marginal product of labour, as real wage falls, firms wishing to maximize their profit will employ more workers leading to an automatic adjustment of the labour market which is once again at equilibrium. In the case of demand exceeding supply, firms will offer higher issue to attract workers which will cause the real wage to rise. As a result other firms will reduce their labour such that the demand equals the supply again, and the labour market is at equilibrium.Thus real wage, in the classical model ,its movement is independent of the direction of growth of economy and is thus said to be acyclical. (Delong and Olney,2006 Mankiw, 2003) Though few empirical studies support the theory that wages are acyclical, most critics pointed out that more wages and prices are not flexible and it is this inflexibility that explains both the existence of unemployment and the non-neutrality of money (Mankiw,2003) .Gamber and Joutz(2001) in their paper Real wages over the business cycle studied the movement of real wage with respect to labour supply,demand ,aggregate demand and oil prices and concluded that increases in oil prices and decrease hours had little impact on the real wage thus making real wage acyclical. This could be true of the data studied, however many researchers including statesman et al (1994) have questioned evidence that claimed real wage to be acyclical, saying that a compositional bias tends to mask the true cyclical behaviour of a particular groups real wage.The Keynesian Model While the classical m odel is only curb when wages and prices are flexible, it provides a alter analysis of how the economy works. A more hardheaded model is however the Keynesian model which is very different from the classical model in many ways. To begin with, the model does not guarantee full employment and the actual output does not always equal potential output which is due to the raw material assumption that prices and wages are gluey. That is, they will not move freely and rapidly in response to a change in demand or supply. (Delong and Olney, 2006)The reasons behind sticky prices have been identified by many economists some explanations given include the impact of implicit contracts which involve non variable wages together with a probability of layoff, without appealing to risk averse behaviour (Levacic and Rebmann, 1982). Another simplified explanation is that managers and workers find re negotiating wages costly or they lack sufficient information. The problem of money illusion is also a possible explanation where workers and managers overlook the issuing of price level changes when assessing the impact of changes in wages or prices on their real income. Delong and Olney,2006) In the Keynesian model, if there is a decline in a consumers propensity to consume, there will be a fall in expenditure for goods. However, there is no change on the spending on investment goods, flow of exports or presidential term expenditure. When firms see the spending on their products declining, they will reduce the production rather than prices since prices are sticky to avoid accumulating unsold inventory. When firms reduce their production, naturally they will crowd out some of the workers since workers will not reduce their wages (as they are sticky).This leads to an overall drop in the national income, which as a result of the multiplier effect is greater than the decline in consumer spending. (Delong and Olney, 2006) Keynes theory assumes that there is a negative correlation b etwixt real wage and output or employment, i. e. that real wage in the Keynesian model is counter-cyclical (Blanchard and Fisher, 1989). Some empirical data supports this behaviour, Swanson(2007, p. 33), in his paper says that anecdotal evidence from the Great Depression and the 192021 contraction powerfully suggests that real wages were countercyclical during these episodes e. . , Benjamin Strong wanted to wait until wage rates were lower. He noted that deposits had fallen off considerably, retail prices had fallen moderately, wholesale prices acutely 56%, but wages had hardly been affected (Friedman and Schwartz (1963) as cited in Swanson (2007), p. 33). Swanson (2007, p. 34)also notes that workers wages have been counter cyclical over both the post-War and post-1967 period when those wages are deflated by the price index of the workers own 2-digit or 4-digit industry and compared to the state of economic activity in that same industry. And studies using data disaggregated by in dustry have shown a rather countercyclical behaviour for the US (Mehra, 1982 Burda, 1985 as cited in Dimelis, 1997 p. 312)) Although the Keynesian model was a more realistic model, it was criticised for its lack of clarity on how the labour market, and equilibrium is attained. This led to the development of New Keynesian Economics. (Mankiw, 2003) New Keynesian Model Partly due to censure of Keynesian Economics, New Keynesian Economics was developed.The new Keynesian model tries to explain how wages and prices behave in the short run by identifying the market imperfections that make them sticky and cause the economy to shift from its natural state. (Mankiw, 2003) In other words, it uses micro foundations to explain macroeconomic effects. The model, like the Keynesian model builds on the assumptions of sticky wages and prices with the traditional model of aggregate demand and supply and tries to provide a better explanation of why wages and prices are sticky in the first place.It pro poses that small costs of adjustment or rigidities can have large macroeconomic effects. (Mankiw, 2003). Blanchard and Gali (2005, p. 10)assume that real wages respond sluggishly to ride market conditions, as a result of some (unmodelled) imperfection or friction in labor markets. It also assumes that real wages of the current period to some extent depend on the real wage of the previous period. And that current inflation is the result of decisions based on news about upcoming demand and cost conditions obtained in previous periods, in addition to current information.A consequence of that distributed lag property is the emergence of inertia in inflation. (Blanchard and Gali, 2005) Real wages are procyclical and are thus positively correlated with the output, they rise as output rises (above its natural level) and fall as output declines (relative to its natural level). This is because nominal wages are positively correlated with the business cycle, while prices in the New Keynesi an model are sticky. (Mankiw, 2003) In the above explanation of the classical and Keynesian model, there is some empirical evidence that supports the behaviour real wage as acyclical and counter-cyclical.However, there are a larger number of studies that conclude that real wage generally exhibits procyclical behaviour ( Keane, et al. (1988)Kydland and Prescott (1989)Solon et al. (1994)Peng and Siebert(2008)). According to Blanchard and Fisher(1989, p. 19), real wage is weakly procyclical, showing a positive correlation between real wage and output but being statistically insignificant. However, Solon et al. (1994) found the aggregate real wage to be significantly procyclical and in a merely investigation found that micro study of the same data revealed stronger procyclicality of real wage than that revealed by aggregate data. Kandil and Woods, 2002) Several empirical studies of real wage cyclicality of various countries such as Germany(Dimelis, 1997), Italy(Peng and Siebert, 2008) and USA( Solon et al. , 1994 Kandil and Woods, 2002) conclude that real wage is more procyclical in nature. One can draw the conclusion that, real wage, as support by empirical evidence, is procyclical, whether it is weakly procyclical or significantly so. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that, the three models explained differ in many aspects curiously their explanation of the behaviour of real wage.Studies have been undertaken to understand the cyclicality of real wage with respect to real market conditions, and although some studies support that real wage is acyclical and counter-cyclical, a larger number of studies show that real wage is procyclical on an average. On a micro level as well, real wage has shown strong procyclicality. As mentioned before, the great variance of results in the study of real wage could be a result of the different techniques employed for research, the sample of data studied or if the study was aggregate based or disaggregate based.Thus, while the Classical and Keynesian models are applicable in certain cases, the new Keynesian model is appropriate for many of the prevalent markets or economies. References Blanchard, O. J & Fisher, S, 1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics, MIT press Blanchard, O. J. and Gali, J. , Real Wage Rigidities and the New Keynesian Model (October 31, 2005). MIT Department of Economics Working reputation No. 05-28 FRB Boston Working Paper No. 05-14. Available at SSRN http//ssrn. com/abstract=842285 Delong , J. B & Olney, M.L, 2006, Macroeconomics, Second Edition, New York Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Dimelis, S. P, 1997, Cyclical and causal relations between real wages and employment in the EU, Applied Economics,Vol 29 3, p. 311-324 Gamber, E. N. Joutz, F. L. , Real Business over the Business Cycle, Eastern Economic Journal, Summer 1997, v. 23, iss. 3, pp. 277-91 Kandil, M & Woods, J. G, 2002, business composition and the cyclical behaviour of the aggregate real wage, Applied Economics, Vol 34 6, p. 689-708 Keane, M. , Mofitt, R. nd Runkle, D. E. (1988) Real wages over the business cycle estimating the impact of heterogeneity with micro data, Journal of Political Economy, Vol 96, p. 1232- 66. Kydland, F. E. and Prescott, E. C. (1989) Cyclical movements of the labour input and its implicit real wage. Research Department Working Paper 413, Federal Reserve situate of Minneapolis. Levacic, R & Rebmann, A, 1982, Macroeconomics-An introduction to Keynesian-neoclassical controversies, Second Edition, Hampshire Macmillan press Mankiw, N.G, 2003, Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition, New York Worth Publishers Peng,F. & Siebert, S. W , 2008,Real wage Cyclicality in Italy, Paper provided by Institute for the Study of force (IZA) in its series IZA Discussion Papers with number 2465. Solon, G. , Barsky, R. and Parker, J. A. (1994) Measuring the cyclicality of real wages How important is composition bias? , The Quarterly Journal of Economics, VolCIX,p. 1- 25. Swanson, E, 2007,Real wage cyclicality in the PSID, working paper series, Federal bank of San Francisco

Importance of Beneficence of Ethical Issue on Nursing Practice

According to Hall, (1992 cited in Silva and Ludwick, 1992), the ethics incorporated into wide breast feeding practice are more of the essence(p) than knowledge of the law practicing ethically saves the effort of trying to know all the laws. Clinical ethics literature pertaining to nursing profession identifies four important set and principles, namely, respect to autonomy of the patient and to act with nonmaleficence, almsgiving and justice (Nettina, 2006).Of these, beneficence is the fundamental principle that affirms the inherent professional aspiration of not only the nursing personnel, but also other health professionals to help promote others well-being. Infact, it is the main motivating factor for many another(prenominal) nurses to opt for this profession as career. This essay provide discuss the concept of beneficence relevant to nursing practice. Beneficence and ethics related to nursing profession The principle of beneficence comes across in cursory nursing practice. The term beneficence in truth connotes acts of merciness, charity and kindness which are suggestive of love, humanity, altruism and promotion of good to others (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008). This broad notion is a principle or rule when it comes to medical profession. Nurses have a moral obligation to act in ways which benefit others. There are many theories which have been govern forward close to beneficence. These include the moral-sentiment guess of David Hume, the Utilitarian theory and Kants theory. According to Humes theory, in any moral life, motives of beneficence are genuinely important.Humes arguments were much against the Mandevilles theory which proposed that most of the human actions are based on private interest and human beings are neither benevolent nor sociable. Hume argues that beneficence is an certain feature of human nature and it designates a class of virtues which are rooted in generosity, goodwill and love directed at others. According to t he utilitarian theory by John Stuart Mill, actions are right in proportion to their promotion of happiness, and wrong as they produce the reverse. Thus, as per this theory, concepts of duty, right and obligation are actually determined by balance betwixt maximum benefits and minimum harm. However, Kant argued that every individual has a duty to be beneficent, in the sense, that every one has to be helpful to others as per ones means without any hope for personal gain (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008). Whenever there is a conflict between what is good between patients and nurses, between organizations and patients, between states involved in interstate practice and also between patients, the principle of beneficence rises certain ethical issues.Any differences in the ethical issues set up develop ethical implications which can terminate in approved cervices, financial reimbursement, change in laws on reporting certain diseases and abuse and also development of protocols from whom nurses can accept orders (Silva and Ludwick, 1999). Beneficence has a major role as far as conceptualizing the goals of practice of medicine as a social practice is concerned. The goal of medicine becomes a beneficent undertaking only if the end of medicine is healing. Nurses are often confused as to what act of theirs is good for the patient and what is bad.What they believe is good for the patient may not be what is actually good for the patient and it is very difficult to act in a way which is against anyones belief. Another notable debate about constitutes of what is good for the patient without infringing on the autonomy of the patient or causing serious harm to the patient (Silva and Ludwick, 1999). The question that pops up in the debate is whether it is ethical to overrule the preferences of the patient. Beneficence issues also rise when a patient is not in a position to make any decisions as far as his or her treatment is concerned.Beauchamp and Childress (1994 cited in Silva and Ludwick, 1999) used paternalism to discuss this aspect of argument. According to them, paternalism can be weak or strong. period weak paternalism means that the health care provider is protecting the patient when the patient is unable to make decisions due to problems such as depression or the influence of medications, strong paternalism refers to interactions intended to benefit a person despite the fact that the persons risky choices and actions are informed, voluntary, and autonomous (Beauchamp and Childress, 1994 cited in Silva and Ludwick, 1999).As Thompson (1987, pg. 1465) rightly put it The duty to care is not only about recognizing a reciprocal responsibility for one another but also in particular about recognizing a duty to protect the vulnerable- that is, accepting the role of advocate of the rights of those who are unable to defend their own rights. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that beneficence is a fundamental principle in nursing ethics wi th definite meaning and implications when applied to the analysis of the relationship between the nurse and patient.Though beneficence is a natural human feature, it becomes a moral obligation in certain professions like nursing and thus is a source for ethical issues and implications. References Nettina, S. M. (2006). Lippincott Manual of care for Practice. 8th edition. Singapore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Silva, M. C. , and Ludwick, R. (1999). Ethics Interstate Nursing Practice and Regulation Ethical Issues for the 21st Century. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 4(2).Retrieved onJuly18th,2009 from www. nursingworld.org//MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/ Volume41999/No2Sep1999/InterstateNursingPracticeandRegulation. aspx Thompson, I. E. (1987).Fundamental ethical principles in health care. British Medical Journal, 295(6611), 1461- 1465. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2008). The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics. Retriev ed on July 18th, 2009 from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/principle-beneficence/

Lg Electronics – International Business

The multinational company that I will be examining is LG Electronics. LG Electronics is based out of Seoul, Korea and was established in 1958. It is a subsidiary of LG Group, which is one of the largest electronic conglomerates in the world. This company is a global manufacturer of consumer electronics, telecommunications systems, and home appliances. LG operates its business through four major divisions home entertainment, mobile communications, home appliances, and air conditioning & readiness solutions. They argon the second largest manufacturer of flat screen televisions, and the third largest producer of mobile phones.North America and Asia are its two largest markets, each contributing slightly 30% of sales. According to their website, LG Electronics has over 120 ventures around the world. They employ around 93,000 personnel. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls a large portion of LG Display. Its home entertainment division produces cutting march on products, such as liquid crystal display (LCD) televisions, plasma televisions, 3 dimension (3D) televisions, home theater systems, projectors, and audio, video, and storage devices.The mobile communications secernate provides a full line of communication devices, mobile communication terminals, and tablet personal computers (PCs). The home appliances division manufactures microwave ovens, refrigerators, washing machines and more. The air conditioning and energy solutions branch creates air conditioners, develops solar energy cells, and provides green lighting solutions. The consumer electronics industry is growing rapidly with numerous innovative products being invented due to recent advances in technology. This has dictated increases in consumer demand.LG Electronics is one of the leading competitors in this area. The global market is pretty equally divided between the United States, Asia, and Europe. The Americas region accounts for 38% of the global market, and is rule by the US market . Additionally, the economic growth in substantial markets such as China and India has boosted the global consumer electronic market revenue. LG Electronics has many different multinational activities. This company has branches in al nearly every region of the world. For instance, LG has production plants in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, England, Poland, and Brazil.This corporation operates offices for marketing its products in every country imaginable, such as Jordan, Nigeria, Russia, Australia, Thailand and the United States. This is truly a company that is rapidly expanding its holdings around the world. This corporation is putting full political campaign into becoming one of the top three manufacturers of electronics and telecommunications systems on earth. They are doing so, by using two major strategies fast innovation and fast growth. LG Electronics is putting a lot of time and money into research and development, in order to get ahead of its competitors.LG is placing the m ajority of its effort into what they term smart technology. Smart technology is LGs development philosophy that embraces sensitive communication with customers in order to provide products that everybody wants to use, and easily can. This customer oriented principle has gravel the most important development philosophy for LG. The key areas that LG is focusing on are the mobile phone and digital television industries. They are also actively participating in pilot projects such as home networking to develop upstart products with various service providers.LG Electronics is also developing new business opportunities by creating strategic alliances with other successful companies. It is LG Electronics goal to become number one in the world through these relationships. Businesses with different foundations are collaborating with LG to create a Strategic alliance between corporations. This is crucial to creating a new industry and solidifying the ongoing one. One of the companies that LG Electronics is working with is Skype. Through this partnership, LG is working to create television products with embedded Skype capabilities.General Electric (GE) is another major corporation that LG is collaborating with. These two businesses have agree to share patents on cooking appliances and refrigerators. Arguably the most important alliance that LG has formed is one with Microsoft. LG has already released a smartphone based on Microsofts Windows Mobile. In addition to that, the companies have been working together closely for personal computer, digital television, and mobile phone convergence. In December 2002, the managing director of Francis Kanoi Marketing Services, Francis Xavier stated LGs success is more related to marketing than technological superiority. I believe that spending money for great advertising is LG Electronics major international strategy. This is a technique that will work regardless of what region the consumer lives in. For example, in 2002 LG Elec tronics India launched advertising campaigns featuring cricketers. LG then released 22 commercials featuring world class cricketers to strengthen its association with cricket. Experts felt that LG would profit by aligning itself with this sport in a country such India where cricket has a huge following.The company then spent approximately 500 one thousand thousand dollars on advertising during the cricket world cup. Due to its aggressive promotion plan, LG became the market leader in India for color televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, and microwaves. LG has since gone on to become one of the leading sponsors of cricket in India. This is a marketing plan that has worked well in other counties too. LG Electronics sponsors soccer teams in England and Costa Rica, where that sport has a large audience. In Australia and Argentina, they are the corporate sponsors of rugby teams.LG also sponsors London Fashion week, as well as Formula One racing which has a giant following all ove r the world. In essence, LG Electronics is extremely smart in aligning its brand with popular sports and events. LG Electronics is a multinational firm that is tune to become the number one electronics conglomerate on earth. The company is working toward achieving this goal with more than one business strategy. First, they are putting time and effort into listening to the customer when it comes to research and development of new, better products.Second, LG has formed many strategic alliances with other major companies, in order to expand its holdings. Lastly and most important, this corporation is spending money on great advertising and sponsorship of popular sports teams all over the world in order to promote its brand. References 1. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/LG_Electronics 2. http//www. lg. com/global/index. jsp 3. http//www. fibre2fashion. com/industry-article/11/1004/increasing-competition-creates-stress-on-marketing-managers4. asp 4. http//www. allbusiness. com/company-acti vities-management/company-strategy/16611527-1. html

Founding Fathers

When you think of the Founding Fathers, the common name George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin often come to mind. What numerous people dont realize, is in that location were some more significant people besides them that helped make America free and unconditional. Even more than this, thither were m all wo custody and minorities that contributed to this change. The women and minorities males that I am going to gibber about in this paper show true drive, determination, and passion. These people prove that it doesnt matter what your gender or race is for you to make a difference and find extraordinary triumphs.There were countless women throughout history whose actions and sacrifices helped to establish our independence. The prime(prenominal) story of these stomach women is about molly Pitcher in the Revolutionary War. From a schoolboyish age, Mary Ludwig, nicknamed Molly, had cute to be a spend. This goal was looked down upon in girls, and would have been expected from a man or boy. She grew up on a farm, and in any weather condition, would be found outside working hard. This sense of determination gave Molly strength, and the ability to do whatever she attempted rapidly and efficiently.Wanting to utilize this quality usefully, she went to live with a family friend, assisting her in household work. Molly then l put wholeness overed how to use her hand for anything, but her need for helping was non yet fulfilled. Molly eventually married a comrade, John Hayes, who conjugated the Continental army when the battle of Lexington began. Proudly, Molly stood by her husband excited that he was able to serve his country. On January 3, 1777, the Continental army fought the British at Trenton, loosing thirty men, and then retreating to Morristown, New Jersey.When she was aw atomic number 18 of this, she went to the fields to make sure there were no hurt men. Unfortunately, she found a wounded soldier, but was able to nurse him back to h ealth. When June occurred, temperatures began to rise, scorching the fighters. Because of the heat and long hours of fight on June 28, 1778, many of the mans tongues became swollen, and their bodies became exhausted. Molly decided to spend her time through the blistering heat going back and forth carrying water to the soldiers. Molly Pitcher was a habitual exclamation they would say, thankful to see the water.The heat did get to her husband, causing him to pass out, but Molly was right by his side to help him in any way possible. Since her husband was not able to use the cannon, Molly took his ramble, loading and firing the gunner. The courageous acts displayed by Molly played an important part of the soldiers victory. usual Washington praised her, and even awarded her one of his gallant men. Sticking by her husbands side, rubbish for him when he couldnt, and even bringing water for the thirsty soldiers were valiant acts Molly portrayed.Molly was a prominent part in this battl e and earned a minute in American history. One year later other brave female helped gain America its independence, genus genus genus Penelope Barker. Back in their time, women were expected to stay home, cook, clean, and take care of their family. Penelope lived with her husband in North Carolina. dissimilar how female were supposed to act, Penelope had a mind of her own and was interested and engaged in politics. Even though her husband was an agent of the side crown, Penelope believed that England had gone too far with the Tea Act of 1773.Once she learned about the capital of Massachusetts Tea Party, Penelope decided to have her own. Door to door Penelope went speaking with and convincing other women to boycott all British tea and clothing. Penelope was able to convince fifty other women to attend a conflux he held on October 25, 1774. By the end of the meeting, they wrote a earn proclaiming about their boycott, signed it, and published it in a London crudespaper. The better known Boston Tea Party was conducted by men, wearing costumes to protect their identity, yet she rejected the notion of hiding and instead made it public.Penelope Barker went on to say, Maybe it has entirely been men who have protested the king up to now. That only means we women have taken too long to let our voices be heard. We are signing our names to a document, not hiding ourselves behind costumes handle the men in Boston did at their tea party. The British will know who we are. This turned into the first womens political activity in colonial American History. She took a stand in what she believed in and did something about it. Once this reached the newspaper in London, it current a lot of negative feedback.The crown did not take the women colonists seriously, and many citizens laughed at their attempts. Because womens views on matters politic were not considered worthy of consideration, the British laughed and their cartoonists had a free rein day being able to make fun of them. Others called the women bad mothers or loose women. This shortly stopped though, when other women in the colonies started to boycott the goods and listening to what these ladies had to say. more and more people started to join and boycott which eventually got the crown attention.Although this movement whitethorn not seem like a huge deal, we have Penelope Barker to thank for advancing the cause of womens rights to engage in politics, and gaining more independence. Stepping out of the norm, and doing what you believe is right is the approximately courageous act. By fashioning a petition and boycott, Penelope was able to bring attention to something that wasnt right with America. Sybil Ludington is the next American female hero on the list. It was 1977 and America was engagement with England to claim our independence. As she was lying in bed, she was wishing there was something she could do to help the cause.She already used spun wool instead of Englands fabric, and refus ed to drink the English tea. Sybil felt as if that was all women were doing, and she wanted to do more. From outside she heard someone yelling, Colonel Ludington Colonel Ludington The British are burning Danbury, Sir You must gather your men and butt on against the British Sybils father then said that their supplies were in Danbury, so all their weapons would be destroyed and they would need to muster the men. Sybil already knew that the men in her fathers militia lived in farms scattered all over the country, being released from their duty to spring plant.They needed to be called out to form their fighting unit. Sybil forwardered to help and to go get the men since she knew the roads but her father said that it would be far too dangerous, that she could be attacked. As she pleaded that she really wanted to help, that there was no one else to do it her father saw the determination and strength in her and let her go. As Sybil started to leave on her horse, Star, the sky was wise red, meaning the British were currently burning Danbury. Her father gave her detailed instructions right before she left to take a stick and knock on the mens farmhouse doors with it.He also told her to go as far south as Mahopac Falls and then north to Stromyville. Finally she was off, and started at Alder place charging up to the farmhouses, yelling that the British were burning Danbury and where to meet. As Sybil went from farmhouse to farmhouse it was also continuously raining, resulting in her getting drenched. Also at one point she had to fight off a highway man. Finally, she reached all of her destinations, a distance of 40 miles and gathered all 400 men to her father. At the time Sybil Ludington was only 16 years old.Her sense of stability, audacity, and determination was enough to get 400 of her fathers men to fight in the war. If it wasnt for her, there would be no men, and America would have lost the war. Sybil significantly impacted the result of that war, which is what caused us to become free. The last female who helped participate in the Revolutionary War and earn America independence was Deborah Sampson. From a young age, she learned to work hard because her father died, and her mother sent her away to work on a farm. Deborah was shell known for her eagerness to learn, begging her new family to teach her anything the boys knew.One of her passions was to help the men in the Revolutionary War, although this seemed impossible because girls were not allowed to fight. Disregarding that rule, Deborah dressed up like a man called Robert and became a soldier at the age of 19. Her dedication, braveness, and willingness to sign up for dangerous missions, made the other soldiers proud of her, and landed her a spot to be an aide for the general. When Deborah was sent to West Point, New York, she got wounded in the leg. She didnt tell anyone and tended the wounds herself so no one would find out her secret.After serving another eighteen months and a few ba ttles at West Point, she was wounded again, and her identity was discovered by the doctor. On October 25, 1783, Deborah was honorably discharged from the army. Although this was discouraging, she received a letter from Paul Revere , granting her a pension. On January 20, 1792, Massachusetts General Court recognized Deborah as a hero. They decided that she did perform the duty of a soldier and exhibited extraordinary heroism. It didnt matter what gender, Deborah Sampson was a faithful, gallant soldier that impacted America in a huge way.Besides just women who helped in making America independent and free, there were minorities. The actions of murky men for our nations founding have often been ignored. There were many slaves who joined the army to gain their freedom, but there were thousands of other African Americans who served America just because it was the right thing to do and we as a nation needed it. These heros deeds are no less important than any white mans deeds. They have also fought and died, held office, wrote in support of independence, and led their communities. There were many black men, about 12,00- 15,00 that became soldiers in the American Revolution.They fought in an integrated army. By 1779, fifteen percent of the Continental regular army was black, getting to fight in the first difference of opinion of Lexington and Concord, and the last battle at Yorktown. Besides integrated units, there were three all black units Rhode Island First regiment, the Black Bucks of America, and Volunteer Chasseurs. Caesar Augustus was enlisted in the Continental Army at the age of 14. He was of mixed race and from Dorchester, Massachusetts. Augustus was able to serve the entire length of the war. For the first two years he spent in the service of an officer but then he reenlisted to be able to fight.Although Augustus didnt do anything extraordinary, he was an African American who fought in the war, and eventually died fighting for our country. Another Africa n American was Cyrus Bustill. He was born in 1732, with his father being a lawyer but his mother being a slave. Since the claw takes the mothers job, he had to be a slave. Cyrus was trained how to bake and once he got his freedom at the age of 36, he helped out by making bread for the solider. It was something that the soldiers during the American Revolution needed. George Washington even gave his a silver piece and commended him for his service.Cyrus also became a member of the Free African Society. undermentioned was Prince Hall. He was the slave of William Hall, a Boston Family. A month after the Boston Massacre, he was freed by his master and worked as a peddler, caterer and leather dresser. He eventually served in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Hall was able to supply leather drum heads to the Continental Army. Before the war even began he joined the British Army Lodge of Masons, and once the British retreated they took over. It was the first African America Lodge, and was named after Hall. He became one of Bostons most prominent citizens and a leader in the black community.Prince Hall was able to speak out against slavery and the rights of blacks. Because of the lack of schools for black children, he set one up in his own home. He also in 1797 spoke out against violence. How, at such times, are we shamefully abused, and that to such a degree, that we may truly be said to carry our lives in our hands, and the arrows of death are flying about our headstis not for want of courage in you, for they know that they resist not face you man for man, but in a mob, which we despise During a harsh winter at Valley Forge, there was a new regiment created, the Rhode Island First.This was made up of all African Americans, 125 men, some were free and some were enslaved. Their first fight was at the Battle of Newport in 1778, resulting in the Continental Army forcing to retreat. The regiment put itself between the retreating Americans and the British and were able to hol d the line when the British attacked, causing the British to have many casualties. These mens bravery helped save many lives not only there, but in other battles like the Battle of Croton River. Eventually, there was a statue in honor of the Black soldiers. It read, ?When the Constitution of the United States was framed, colored men voted in a majority of these States they voted in the State of New York, in Pennsylvania, in Massachusetts, in Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware and North Carolina and long after the adoption of the Constitution, they continued to vote in North Carolina and Tennessee also. The Constitution of the United States makes no distinction of color. These men that I have mentioned above risked their own lives to help make America free. Sometimes when we hear the big named, popular people, we tend to forget about everyone else that was involved. Top of smorgasbord

The Precepts of Ptah Hotep

Precepts of Ptah Hotep Even though The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the oldest documents in the world, the precepts are still relevant to social customs today. To be more specific, the nineteenth precept is one that I agree with and believe is beneficial to everybody. It states Be not of an irritable temper as regards that which happens at your side grumble not over your own affairs. I believe this precept is beneficial because it focuses on being positive and not on being negative, and it shows respect to yourself and to others.Precept number 19 tells us not to focus on the things that go wrong with our lives and not to complain. Its saying to allow things go and to not dwell in the past. This precept ties into the all told reason for social codes. Social codes, like The Precept of Ptah Hotep, are meant to be followed and as Collin said, if for some reason one is broken by a person, that person should be able to fix it, to make up for the wrong they have done by not grumblin g about it, provided kind of operative to fix it. This precept is very much like the well known saying Hakuna matata utilize in the popularDisney movie, The Lion King. The saying means no worries and is used in the movie to tell a character not to dwell in the past and be sad about things that he fuckingnot change, but instead to be happy about the present. If you do dwell in the past and grumble about bad things that have happened to you, people will not extremity to be around you because of your negativity. It is disrespectful to only talk about the bad things that you have experienced when you are around other people. If you can never let things go, you will not be fun to hang out with and will end up alone. ink this precept is very beneficial to everybody because it relates to how you treat others and yourself, which I think is a very important thing to understand how to do respectfully. It is important to me because it is something I believe I can do better at. For exampl e, if I have a soccer game and we lose, I usually try not to dwell on the fact that we lost, although sometimes I cant help it. in that respect isnt really any point in getting myself or my aggroup down that we lost because it wont help anyone do better in the next game. It would be a very disrespectful thing to bring not Just myself, but others own into the dumps.The smart thing to do would be to congratulate my team for trying, and to Just focus on getting better. I believe that the 19th precept from The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the most important. It not only stresses respect for the individual and the majority, but also on being positive. I think that everybody can improve on letting things go and instead of complaining, trying to improve things. People can benefit by following precept 19 by being more fun to be around and making yourself and others happier. The Precepts of Ptah Hotep By ccbb43

Chapter two †Mississippi schools Essay

The follo benefitg(a) literature focuses on how schools in the Mississippi School district and nationwide argon implementing school avail plans and closing the effect gap. In School Improvement and Closing the accomplishment Gap Report 2003-2004 the business of Mississippi Schools past and present is discussed (2004) and Craig Jerald, condition of Dispelling the Myth discusses how nationwide high poverty, high nonage schools assimilate high achieving students (2001). Both compositions will be discussed here. The researcher wanted to know how many high-poverty and high minority schools nationwide have high student performance.The study used the Education Trust Database to identify certain(prenominal) criteria. Over 4500 schools were analyzed. Each carry outing the criteria set and performing soundly above the expectation (2001). Both papers discuss the achievement gap, more importantly they reported the beas of grea hear improvement. The Achievement Gap Report (2004) foc us on the Mississippi school districts. It gave an accountability report on those school districts that have been struggling, as well as providing a strategic outline to close the gap. Specific schools were used as casts of for improving test scores.Dispelling the Myth (Jerald, 2001) focused on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for poor school performance were given, the author did state that none of the schools were magnet schools. This report showed that most schools with high poverty, high minority students live in urban areas (2001). However, the more recently published Achievement Gap Report (2004) reported that some of the poorest schools are in rural areas. Dispelling the Myth (2001) pictureed at specific criteria for the study, whereas, the Achievement Gap Report (2004) did not.Both studies failed to look at specific schools and detail specific strategies used in improving the achievement gap. The Mississippi Achievement Gap Report (2004) plan made suggest ions on how schools can improve, alone a greater detail is needed to truly down the stairsstand what each school did to improve scores. Model schools or a model syllabus can be established based on greater research. Socioeconomic Influence lit regarding meter reading programs was of most interest for this study. Several scientific journals turn to factors of low socioeconomic status and under achievement.The achievement gap found amongst low-income students was addressed in Education The State Were In (Donahue & Griggs, 2003). square information was given on the obstacles facing high-poverty youth today. Reading proficiency among elementary school students of low-income families are at a disadvantage (2003). When poring over low-income fourth graders, the author found that in 2003, across the nation, tho fifteen percent are proficient in reading. The authors also demonstrated that the majority of low-income students read roughly collar grades behind non-poor students (2003 ).Proficiency differences among races were briefly discussed Similar disparities exist between white students and students of color 39% of white 4th graders can read at the proficient level compared to only 12 % of black students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, about three in ten fourth graders can read proficiently, and this in itself is type for concern. (2003) Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement (Okpala, et al, 2001).Parental involvement is a commonly discussed arise to establishing higher student achievement. A study done in North Carolina was based on three factors (a) Instructional supplies expenditures will affect academic achievement positively (b) the SES of students in a given school, heedful by the percentage of students that participate in free/reduced-price lunch programs, will affect student achievement negatively and (c) parental involvement that is measured by parental volunteer hours per 100 stu dents will invite student achievement positively.These factors were beneficial in understanding the SES influence on successful reading programs. These factors and the results of this item study will be investigated further throughout this study. Implementing Change A very brief but informative piece, Evidence from Project Star About Class Size and Student Achievement (Folgers & Breda, 1989) addressed three specific questions to ask oneself when considering changing programs. The three questions were 1) How effective will the change be? 2) How more than will it cost and 3) what are the problems of implementation?(1989) All three of these questions were found to be valuable when assessing alert programs, as well as when considering the necessary factors when looking to improve upon them. The Gallup Poll (1989 Survey) was reported to have an overtake approval from parents when asked about reducing class size. The problem with this strategy is that reducing class size considerably is very costly (1989). A widely researched program investigated during this study was the Accelerated Reader Program. One report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) demonstrated the uses and results of the AR program.By definition the Accelerated Readers program is a learning information scheme designed to heighten student interest in literature and to help teacher manage literature-based reading (McKnight, 1992). This study was particularly significant because it was conducted in two Jackson, Mississippi elementary schools. There has been extensive reportage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the reading achievement growth of fifth graders following a stratum of participation in the AR program with other fifth graders who did not participate.The results demonstrated that students in the AR program actually scored significantly abase than non-participants. Although many studies show little to no benefits from the AR program, the program has provided a few guidelines such guidelines i nclude, 1) Engage students in large amount of reading practice with real material 2) students should read at their own individual reading level, and 3) student incentives such as ribbons or extra recess improves the odds of a students success.By using computer technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students reading level and invite and motivate students to read material they find elicit (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are given a choice of books suited to their particular reading level. Random multiple choice tests are given to test students comprehension of the material. In a National Institute of Child health and Human Development (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized reading programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001).The lack of research on evaluated programs ability to unwrap long-term gains in reading achievement caused the National Institute to determine the AR programs did not meet standards (2001). Common complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, active students went back to reading less than before participating 2) the AR program limited the choice of books available to a student because certain books that were not come with by an AR test were not valid (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR encourages children to read for the wrong reasons, for example to win a prize (Carter, 1996).However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not matter why students read, as long as they were in fact reading. Topping and Paul (1999) found that with the proper educator training on the AR program, the odds of successful student achievement with the program will improve. Students already in at chance in reading before the AR program will gain positive results when AR is apply (Vollands, Topping and Evans, 1999).Many elementary schools have adopted programs which encourage authentic reading time and assistance in the development of reading skills for life (Melton , et al. , 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less costly programs (2004). When studying the effects of the AR program on African American students and white students in Mississippi, black students scored lower (2004).

LVMH: Corporate Structure and Business Plan

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE The table of directors is the strategy body of LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA. The competence, integrity and business of its proscribedgrowths, clear and fair decisions reached collectively, and effective and secure controls argon the ethical principles that govern the get along with. The key priorities pursued by LVMHs Board of theater directors argon enterprise value creation and the defense of the troupes interests. LVMHs Board of Directors d eachys as guarantor of the rights of each of its sh arholders and ensures that sh arholders ful? ll tout ensemble of their duties.The beau monde adheres to the Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies published by AFEP and MEDEF. The Board of Directors sh each(prenominal) prep ar a maximum of 18 members, a third of whom at to the lowest degree(prenominal) atomic number 18 appointed from among prominent self-sufficient persons with no interests in the corporation The number of Directors or steadfast re encloseatives of legal entities from outside companies, shall be limited to four. A agency from the s eliteion of the troupes administer custodyt grammatical construction and the appointment of the hot seat of the Board of Directors, Chief executive Of? conditioned emotional response and collection ManagingDirector(s), the principal missions of the Board of Directors be to ensure that the connections interests and assets are protected de? ne the broad strategic orientations of the guild and the crowd and ensure that their slaying is admonishered approve the Companys annual and half-twelvemonthly ? nancial statements review the essential characteristics of the internecine control and risk commission systems take and implemented by the Company ensure that major risks to which the Company is exposed are in keeping with its strategies and its objectives, and that they are taken into nib in the management of the Company verify the quality, reli business le ader and fairness of the randomness provided to shareholders concerning the Company and the Group, in feature to ensure that the management anatomical structure and the internal control and risk management systems are able to guarantee the quality and reliability of ? nancial information published by the Company and to give a true and fair view of the results and the ? nancial shoes of the Company and the Group set out the boldness principles and procedures for the Performance Audit commissioning disseminate the collective determine that guide the Company nd its employees and that govern relationships with consumers and with partners and suppliers of the Company and the Group promote a policy of economical development consistent with a social and citizenship policy based on concepts that entangle respect for human beings and the preservation of the environment in which it operates. The Board of Directors shall hold at least four meetings a course Decisions by the Board of Directors shall be made by saucer-eyed majority vote and are adopted as a board. If they deem appropriate, independent Directors whitethorn meet without requiring the presence of the other members of theBoard of Directors. For special or important discovers, the Board of Directors whitethorn establish one or to a greater extent than ad hoc committees. Each member of the Board of Directors shall act in the interests and on behalf of all shareholders. Once each year, the Board of Directors evaluates its procedures and informs shareholders as to its conclusions in a typography presented to the Shareholders Meeting. In addition, at least once every(prenominal) ternion days, a fully documented review of the work of the Board, its organization and its procedures is conducted. The Shareholders Meeting shall set the total amount ofDirectors fees to be salaried to the members of the Board of Directors. This amount shall be distributed among all members of the Board of Director s and the Advisors, if any, on the recommendation of the members of the Directors Nominations and Compensation delegation, taking into account their speci? c responsibilities on the Board A specialized committee responsible for auditing performance operates indoors the Board of Directors, acting under the responsibility of the Board of Directors. The Performance Audit Committee shall be made up of at least three Directors appointed by the Board of Directors.At least two thirds of the members shall be independent Directors. The majority of the Committees members must have held a position as a Managing Director or a position involving equivalent responsibilities or possess speci? c expertise in ? nancial and report matters. The Board of Directors shall appoint a Chairman of the Committee from among its members. The maximum term of the Chairman of the Committee is ? ve years. uncomplete the Chairman of the Board of Directors nor any Director performing the duties of Chief executive Of? cer or Group Managing Director of LVMH whitethorn be a member of theCommittee. A Director may not be appointed as a member of the Committee if he or she comes from a caller for which an LVMH Director serves as a member of a committee comparable in function. The principal missions of the Committee are to monitor the process for preparing ? nancial information, in particular the mortal company and consolidated ?nancial statements, and verify the quality of this information monitor the statutory audit of the individual company and consolidated ? nancial statements by the Statutory Auditors , whose conclusions and recommendations it examines ensure the existence, pertinence, application and intensity of internal control and risk management systems, monitor the ongoing effectiveness of these systems, and make recommendations to the Chief decision maker Of? cer concerning the priorities and general guidelines for the work of the Internal Audit team examine risks to the Statut ory Auditors independence and, if necessary, let on safeguards to be put in place in order to minimize the potential of risks to compromise their independence, issue an opinion on the fees paid to the Statutory Auditors, as well as those paid to the network to hich they belong, by the Company and the companies it controls or is controlled by, whether in relation to their statutory audit responsibilities or other related assignments, negociate the procedure for the selection of the Companys Statutory Auditors, and make a recommendation on the appointments to be submitted to the Shareholders Meeting in consideration of the results of this procedure analyze the exposure of the Company and the Group to risks, and in particular to those identi? ed by the internal control and risk management systems, as well as actual offbalance sheet commitments of the Company and the Group review major agreements entered into by Group companies and agreements entered into by any Group company with a third-party company in which a Director of the LVMH stir company is also a senior executive or principal shareholder. Signi? cant operations within the chain of the provisions of Article L. 225-38 of the French Commercial Code require an opinion issued by an independent expert appointed upon the proposal of the Performance Audit Committee assess any instances of con? ict of interest that may affect a Director and recommend suitable measures to pr resultant power or correct them. Compensation CommitteeThe Committee shall meet at least twice a year, without the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Of? cer and the Group Managing Director(s), forwards the Board of Directors meetings in which the agenda includes a review of the annual and half-yearly parent company and consolidated ?nancial statements. If necessary, the Committee may be required to hold special meetings, when an event occurs that may have a signi? cant effect on the parent company or consolidated ? nancial statements. Decisions of the Committee shall be made by simple majority vote and shall be deemed to have been reached as a board.The proceedings of each Committee meeting shall be recorded in minutes of the meeting. The Committee shall report on its work to the Board of Directors. It shall submit to the Board its ? ndings, recommendations and suggestions. The Committee may request any and all order of accounting, legal or ?nancial documents it deems necessary to carry out its responsibilities. The Committee may call upon the Companys staff members responsible for preparing the ? nancial statements, carrying out internal control procedures, conducting internal audits, applying risk management or money management procedures, nvestigating tax or legal matters, as well as the Statutory Auditors, to appear before it on any number of occasions to address issues in detail, without requiring the presence of the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Of? cer, or Group Manag ing Director(s) of LVMH. These meetings may also take place in the absence seizure of those responsible for the accounting and ? nancial functions. After having duly noti? ed the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Committee may seek assistance from outer experts if circumstances require. The Committee members and its Chairman may receive a pecial Directors fee, the amount of which shall be determined by the Board of Directors and charged to the total ? nancial package allocated by the Shareholders Meeting. 1. Subject to the exceptions provided by law, the Board of Directors is composed of three to eighteen members, who may be individuals or legal entities appointed by the public Shareholders Meeting. A legal entity must, at the time of its appointment, designingate an individual, who will be its permanent representative on the Board of Directors. The term of of? ce of a permanent representative is the same as the legal entity that he represents. . Each member of the Board of Directors must during its term of of? ce own at least ? ve 100 (500) shares of the Company. If, at the time of its appointment, a member of the Board of Directors does not own the required number of shares or if, during its term of of? ce, it ceases to be the owner thereof, it shall dispose of a period of six months to purchase such(prenominal) number of shares, in default of which it shall be automatically deemed to have resigned. 3. Nobody being more than seventy years old shall be appointed Director if, as a result of his appointment, the umber of Directors who are more than seventy years old would exceed one-third of the members of the Board. Directors are appointed for a term of three years. The duties of a Director shall terminate at the close of the Ordinary Shareholders Meeting convened to approve the accounts of the preceding ? scal year and held in the year during which the term of of? ce of said Director comes to an end. A salaried employee of the Company may be appoint ed as a Director provided that his employment contract antedates his appointment and corresponds to a position actually held.In such plate, he shall not lose the bene? t of his employment contract. The number of Directors fix to the Company by an employment contract may not exceed one-third of the Directors in of? ce. The Board of Directors shall elect a Chairman, who must be an individual, from among its members. It shall determine his term of of? ce, which cannot exceed that of his of? ce as Director and may dismiss him at any time. The Board shall also determine the compensation to be paid to the Chairman. The Chairman of the Board of Directors cannot be more than seventy-? ve years old.The Board may unceasingly elect one or several Vice-Chairman(men). It shall determine their term of of? ce which cannot exceed that of their respective of? ce as Director. The of? cers of the meeting are the Chairman, the ViceChairman(men) and the Secretary. The Secretary may be chosen from out side the Directors or the shareholders. The Board determines its term of of? ce. The Secretary may always be re-elected. The Board, convened by its Chairman, meets as often as required by the interests of the Company. The Board of Directors sets guidelines for the Companys ctivities and shall ensure their implementation. Subject to the powers expressly apt(p) to the Shareholders Meetings and within the limits of the corporate purpose, it addresses any issue relating to the Companys proper operation and settles the affairs concerning it by dint of its resolutions. In its relations with third parties, the Company is bound even by acts of the Board of Directors falling outside the scope of the corporate purpose, unless it demonstrates that the third party k new-sprung(prenominal) that the act exceeded such purpose or that it could not have ignored it given the circumstances, it being speci? d that unpolluted publication of the Bylaws is not suf? cient proof thereof. The Board of Dir ectors performs such monitoring and veri? cations as it deems appropriate. Each Director receives all necessary information for completing his assignment and may request any documents he deems useful. The Company shall be audited, as provided by law, by one or more Statutory Auditors legally entitled to be elected as such. When the conditions provided by law are met, the Company must appoint at least two Statutory Auditors. Each Statutory Auditor is appointed by the OrdinaryShareholders Meeting. One or more supplementary deputy Statutory Auditors, who may be called to replace the regular Statutory Auditors in the event of death, disability, resignation or refusal to perform their duties, are appointed by the Ordinary Shareholders Meeting. Shareholders Meetings shall be convened and held as provided by law. A Shareholders Meeting is chaired by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or, in his absence, by the oldest ViceChairman of the Board of Directors or, in the absence of the latt er, by a Member of the Board for that purpose.If no chairman has been appointed, the Meeting elects its Chairman. The voting right committed to a share is proportional to the share of the capital it represents. When having the same nominal value, each share, two in capital or redeemed (de jouissance), gives right to one vote. However a voting right competent to twice the voting right attached to other shares, with respect to the portion of the share capital that they represent, is granted to all fully paid up registered shares for which evidence of registration under the name of the same shareholder during at least three years will be brought to registered shares allocated to a shareholder in case of increase of the capital by capitalization of reserves, or of pro? ts carried forward or of issue premiums collectible to existing shares for which it was entitled to bene? t from this right. The Ordinary Shareholders Meeting makes decisions which do not amend the Bylaws. It is con vened at least once a year, within six months from the end of each ? scal year to vote on the accounts of that ? scal year. In order to pass valid resolutions, the Ordinary Shareholders Meeting, convened upon ? rst notice, must consist of hareholders, present or represented, memory at least one-? fth of total voting shares. The deliberations of an Ordinary Shareholders Meeting, convened upon second notice, shall be valid regardless of the number of shareholders present or represented. The resolutions of the Ordinary Shareholders Meeting are approved by a majority of the votes of the shareholders present or represented. The copies or abstracts of the minutes of the Meetings shall be validly certi? ed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Of? cer, or the Secretary of the Meeting. Ordinary and Extraordinary Shareholders Meetings shall xercise their respective powers as provided by law. The dividend payment terms are de? ned by the Shareholders Meeting or, if t he Meeting fails to do so, by the Board of Directors. However, dividends must be paid within a maximum period of ball club months after the ? scal year-end, unless such period is extended by lawcourt order. (The reference for the Company is the AFEP-MEDEF Corporate Governance Code for Traded Companies. ) Main SHAREHOLDERS Christian Dior, the extravagance goods group, is the main holding company of LVMH, owning 42. 36% of its shares, and 59. 01% of its voting rights. 5 Bernard Arnault, majority shareholder of Dior, is Chairman of both companies and CEO of LVMH. the only stated major shareholder in LVMH was Groupe Arnault, the family holding company of Bernard Arnault. The groups control amounted to 47. 64% of LVMHs stock (with 42. 36% held through Christian Dior S. A. and 5. 28% held straight off) and 63. 66% of its voting rights (59. 01% by Dior and 4. 65% directly). 5 A further 2. 43% of shares were say as treasury stock, with the remainder being free float. __________________ _________RICOMINCIA DA QUI_________________________________ STAKEHOLDERS COMPETITORSLVMH competes in the racy life market with an phalanx of small private and publicly held companies that make designer clothing, wine, watches, and other luxury goods. Unlike LVMH, most of these companies unremarkably have only one score in their portfolios. The most direct competitors to LVMH are Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR), a French luxury holdings company that includes such brands as Yves Saint Laurent and Gucci, and Compagnie Financiere Richemont, a Swiss luxury company that includes such brands as Cartier and Montblanc. ?PPR is a French retailer and luxury goods company. It is very similar to LVMH in both size and earnings.One distinct advantage LVMH holds over PPR is international diversification. Though a majority of PPRs brands are luxury, it also owns Puma, a sportswear line for men and women that is more affordable and as a broader consumer base, thereby increasing its market. The luxury brands that directly compete with LVMH fall under Gucci Group and are Alexander McQueen, Bottega Veneta, Balenciaga, Yves Saint Laurent, Stella McCartney, Gucci, Boucheron and Sergio Rossi. ?Compagnie Financiere Richemont is much littler than LVMH in terms of revenue, but earned a similar operating margin on its revenue.Richemont is in the first place focused on watches and jewelry. Therefore, in its main business Richemont does not face stiff competition from all company. The most competition comes from the fashion and leather goods divisions, namely Dunhill, Azzedine Alaia, Shanghai Tang, Chloe and the leather goods brand Lancel. All are luxury brands and compete directly with LVMH. 8 ? Valentino Fashion Group S. p. A is an international luxury goods conglomerate. It owns the prestigious brand Valentino as well as luxury brand Hugo Boss.It also has licenses for Marlboro Classics and M Missoni (a lower-priced line inspired by the designs of privately-owned Missoni). Valen tino Fashion Group also has its own brands Lebole, Oxon and Portrait. In addition, Valentino Fashion Group owns 45% of the luxury American brand Proenza Schouler. Like LVMH, Valentino owns a number of other luxury brands including Valentino and Hugo Boss produce apparel, accessories and fragrances for both men and women. Both conglomerates sell their goods side-by-side in luxury department stores as well as freestanding boutiques. SUPPLIERS similar behavior as LVMH + acting well towards natureTo ensure effective environmental control, the companies of the Group are conducting an sentience program with their suppliers and subcontractors. Designing packaging that prevents the waste of raw materials and generates smaller waste volumes is a principle of both good management and respect for the environment. This can only be done if we thoroughly understand the personal effects of the product on the biosphere, from manufacture to disposal. This is the role of Life Cycle Analysis, a met hod applied by the LVMH group since 1993, in its initial study on the path followed by a standard Hennessy product.The implementation of actions to reduce the products impacts throughout their life cycle implies to work closely with the suppliers and subcontractors. Programs to make lighter packaging are critical and are coordinated at Group aim. We start studying a products packaging from the products design stage. The design/development, purchasing and merchandise teams work with suppliers in multi-disciplinary groups and use a value analysis method to reconcile impeccable quality and aesthetics for the consumer with marketing requirements, optimized manufacturing processes, and our desire to use raw materials sparingly.Preserving biological multifariousness is a vital issue for the evolution of life on earth. LVMH group has built its businesses on a sustainable relationship with the natural environment, and consequently uses elements that are neutral or without impact on our e cosystems, either by growing plants or raising animals, or by using surplus elements. In this way, it complies in an exemplary manner with the regulations protecting rare species. The re bet work of LVMHs R&D laboratories in the colonisation of Koro in Burkina Faso passs to bear fruit.In the spring of 2004, the Bikini line of Christian Dior acquired a new active component Anogelline. EMPLOYEES The group currently employs more than 83,000 people. 1 30% of LVMHs staff work in France. LVMH operates over 2,400 stores worldwide. 10 LVMH actively supports the superior development of its employees. The decentralized organization of the LVMH group encourages individual initiative. Human Resources teams deploy a variety of concrete tools to develop talents, including fostering, geographic and functional mobility andrecruitement.The annual Organizational Management Review plays a pivotal role in identifying talents and succession planning. This dynamic process is central to recognizing t he contributions and talents of the Groups people. It ensures motivating advancement within the Group by identifying key positions, internal resources and the human resources needed to drive keep ond growth at LVMH companies. LVMH also carries out regular performance appraisals to identify employees strong points and opportunities for improvement, as well as their personal goals.These appraisals serve as the basis for concrete action to enable people to achieve fulfulling career objectives. Training is distributed between the Group, itsbusiness divisions and the brands themselves, always focused on enriching the skillsets of employees and sharpening their performance to help them flourish in the LVMH ecosystem. Training programs address needs that have been identified and discussed during annual performance appraisal interviews. Technical skills are the responsibility of brands, which sometimes pool training across business groups.LVMH actively encourages all employees to reach the ir potential as they pursue fulfilling careers. The Group is committed to promoting diversity and energizing the wealth of human resources at all its companies and in all the host countries where it operates. restitution Of the most prestigious luxury houses, six post gross revenue of over a billion euros annually. They include Gucci, Hermes, LVMH and LOreal, all of whom are clients of Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty France for their transport, property and liability policy programs. AGCS France will market its transport insurance solution through a variety of intermediaries.These include key luxury assiduity brokers whose current clients, including subcontractors, may be interested the Colbert Committee, an joining of over 70 luxury companies Colipa, the European cosmetics association and the Confederation des Arts de la Table (CAT, the French tableware association). On the heels of this new transport insurance solution other new products will be developed, with the goal of offering a dedicated prescribe for all luxury goods companies. CUSTOMERS LVMH made a fortune thanks to customer loyalty, and to keep these customers its opening night shops both in the U. S. ut also in developing countries such as India and China In all, Louis Vuitton now has 96 stores open in the United States, which Slavinsky says is almost evenly divided between freestanding stores and leased in-store boutiques. The companys strength owes a lot to customer loyalty especially to Louis Vuitton, which analysts estimate accounts for about 60 percent of LVMHs earnings. Demand for its products from $100 coin purses to the new $5,500 Theda multi-buckled, gilt-trimmed handbags in colors such as peacock blue and pink is so strong that Vuittons margin topped 45 percent last year its U.S. sales alone grew 38 percent. To meet the demand, Vuitton is expanding. LOCAL COMMUNITIES The Group believes that our own development must integrate the search for a better quality of life for our cu stomers, employees, shareholders, and the regions and various communities affected by our production and distribution operations throughout the world. The Groups commitment towards environmental protection materialized in 2001 by the the Environmental Charter was reinforced in 2003 by joining the United Nations Global Compact.That initiative, which was launched by Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the UN, requires its signatories to apply and promote nine principles in the field of human rights, labor and the environment. Thus LVMH implements the concept of sustainable development. Aim for a risque level of environmental performance In developing its businesses internationally, LVMH works to align its practices with those that offer the best level of environmental protection around the world. Foster a collective commitmentThe environment is the responsibility of every individual and LVMH believes that the awareness, education and training of its employees are top priorities. To ensu re a continued high level of environmental performance, the Group believes it is vital for each company to set precise environmental objectives and implement a management system dedicated to this process. Control environmental hazards In addition to the most sozzled compliance with environmental regulations, which is an absolute duty, the Group intends to focus on risk prevention. As a result, it allocates human and material resources to this goal.Design luxury products by integrating environmental innovation and creativity Guided by its overriding concern for high quality, LVMH is working to improve control and better anticipate the environmental aspects related to the life cycle of its products. LVMH encourages all processes that result in environmental innovations and accepts its duty to exercise prudence and take precautions to ensure total rubber eraser for the consumer. Make commitments outside the company LVMH intends to contribute to the protection of the environment above and beyond just the aspects directly related to its own businesses.Because it considers that promoting respect for the environment is essential, LVMH is developing an active partnership with groups of businesses, local communities and the associations which contribute to this objective. institutional GOALS The mission of the LVMH group is to represent the most refined qualities of Western Art de Vivre around the world. LVMH must continue to be synonymous with both elegance and creativity. Our products, and the cultural values they embody, blend tradition and innovation, and kindle envisage and fantasy.In view of this mission, five priorities reflect the fundamental values shared by all Group stakeholders -Bec reative and usher in Aim for product excellence Bolster the image of our brands with ardent determination Act as entrepreneurs assay to be the best in all we do Be creative and innovate Group companies are determined to nurture and grow their creative resources. Their long-term success is rooted in a combine of artistic creativity and technological innovation they have always been and always will be creators.Their ability to attract the best creative talents, to empower them to create leading-edge designs is the lifeblood of our Group. The same goes for technological innovation. The success of the companies new products particularly in cosmetics rests squarely with research & development teams. This dual value creativity/innovation is a precedence for all companies. It is the foundation of their continued success. Aim for product excellence Group companies pay the closest vigilance to every detail and ensure the utter perfection of their products. They symbolize the nobility and perfection of traditional craftsmanship.Each and every one of the objects their customers buy and use exemplifies our brands tradition of impeccable quality. Never should Group companies disappoint, but rather continue to surprise their customers with the quality, endurance, and finish of their products. They never compromise when it comes to product quality. Their search for excellence go well beyond the simple quality of their products it encompasses the layout and location of our stores, the display of the items they offer, their ability to make their customers feel welcome as presently as they enter our storesAll around them, their clients see nothing but quality. Bolster the image of our brands with passionate determination Group brands enjoy exceptional reputation. This would not amount to much, and could not be sustained, if was not O.K. by the creative superiority and extreme quality of their products. However, without this aura, this extra dimension that somewhat defies logic, this force of face that transcends reality, the sublime that is the stuff of our dreams, Dior would not be Dior, Louis Vuitton would not be Louis Vuitton, Moet would not be Moet The power of the companies brands is part of LVMHs heritage.It took years and ev en decades to build their image. They are an asset that is both priceless and irreplaceable. Therefore, Group companies exercise stringent control over every minute detail of their brands image. In each of the elements of their communications with the public (announcements, speeches, messages, etcetera ), it is the brand that speaks. Each message must do right by the brand. In this area as well, there is absolutely no room for compromise. Act as entrepreneurs The Groups organizational structure is decentralized, which fosters efficiency, productivity, and creativity.This type of organization is exceedingly motivating and dynamic. It encourages individual initiative and offers real responsibilities sometimes early on in ones career. It requires highly entrepreneurial executive teams in each company. This entrepreneurial spirit requires a healthy dose of communal sense from managers, as well as hard work, pragmatism, efficiency, and the ability to motivate people in the credit li ne of ambitious goals. One needs to share and enjoy this entrepreneurial spirit to one day manage a subsidiary or company of the LVMH group.Strive to be the best in all we do blend but not least is our ambition to be the best. In each company, executive teams strive to everlastingly improve, never be complacent, always try to broaden our skills, improve the quality of our work, and come up with new ideas. The Group encourages this spirit, this thirst for progress, among all of its associates. Code of Conduct In 2010, to provide a set of simple principles and behaviours that should guide the Group and each of us in the everyday conduct of business, LVMH officially adopted a Code of Conduct.LVMH has a global dimension and the world in which we do business is changing at a rapid pace. In the context of this continually evolving business environment, this Code of Conduct constitutes a common land benchmark to guide individual initiatives and ensure greater consistency in practices across the Groups companies and geographies. Code of Conduct (PDF1 419 Ko) Digital In 2010, the Group also adopted self regulatory on line marketing principles, aligned with the World Federation of Advertisers.