Addiction and Cure Compulsive Shopping

â€Å"It is very difficult to recognize that we really like shopping, a â€Å"therapy†that can serve at any given time to forget our everyday problems. But when it becomes a tough act to control it becomes a serious psychological disorder such as pathological gambling. † How and to whom, is usually affected involving the syndrome that creates this huge dependency? Shopaholic syndrome affects men and women. The profile is usually between 30 and 40 years, with low self- ­esteem, lack of control, insecurity, fantasy- ­proneness, feeling of loneliness and spiritual emptiness. They also tend to have other dis- ­ orders such as anxiety and depression. Shopping can bring great pleasure at the moment, but then comes the repentance of pur- ­ chasing useless things, and then depression and anxiety, which leads back to the stores as a way of escape. Thus we begin a vicious circle which is very difficult to go through. Normal buyer vs Compulsive buyer While the normal buyer feels satisfaction of having bought something he wanted and he can control what he spends, the compulsive buyer gets an inordinate pleasure in the moment of shopping, similar to that produced by drugs, in addition to losing control of his actions. Do you know what causes this addiction? Although the underlying cause of addiction to shopping is not known, experts say this type of disorder is a mixture of biological and social causes. The lack of control over impulses caused by brain abnormalities related to the role of serotonin (a neurotransmitter). Social cause? This condition is the main trigger type consumer society in which we live, where shopping be- ­ comes a leisure activity rather than a necessity. Psychologists argue that advertising shows a person whose power is measured by the quantity and quality of goods they have. Before this the people with an underdeveloped personality turning to shopping to satisfy a quota of power that is not naturally given by society . Symbolic reading of the act of buying? Buying a necessity, exchange, assimilation, accumulation and disposal. It is a process that symbolizes something primal as food and breathing. Psychological and Genealogical perspective of oniomani?a The basis of any manic behavior is a lack of compensation. A compulsive act of exchange with the seller, we can talk about a fixation, lack of emotional exchange and general care of the child. The attachment figure moves to the seller that looks and looks compulsively. Emotional cut would occur in the parent- ­child relationship. An excessive accumulation of products that are not needed, we can talk about: â€Å"crazy ideas from the great- ­grandparents, for example:† Book now for the lean years â€Å", â€Å"Who has better things. † † I have more than you. † â€Å"When we where young, if our parents made us relate new clothes with renewal (season, stations †¦ ), when life cries out for renewal, unconsciously we will run to get new clothes. And if we are prevented of a true renewal, we will compulsively repeat this empty ritual of release. â€Å"Fixing a particular product that symbolizes what we ?re lacking. As happens in collection, if wool symbolizes the mother, I would con- ­ tinously buy jerseys, scarves, socks and stockings which will give me the warmth that I missed in childhood. If the encyclopedias symbolizes the intellectual ego and we identify with it, we would accumulate volumes and volumes without opening the plastic that surrounds them.. What impact does oniomani?a have on us? The shopaholics are immersed in an unreal world, then forget the consequences of their actions. They do not mind sacrificing their basic needs let alone those of others. This leads to situations of confrontation with family, debt, financial ruin, anxiety, depression and many more. How can we overcome this addiction? It is very difficult to get out of this addiction specially on your own, as is the case with alcoholism, gambling or drug addiction. But other addictions are easy to spot, very few people attend a consultation to deal with a compulsive shopping problem, since most of the time they consider it a normal behavior or temporary. Admitting the problem is a big step. From here you should see a psychologist to help you cope. There is no specific treatment depends on the degree of addition you have. Can you offer a sound approach to shopping? Enjoy a day of shopping, if your not out of control. But if you have rhythm to become a compulsive shopper, we offer a few tips so you do not end with your family finances. Make a list beforehand and avoid buying some- ­ thing you do not need or repeat products. Set a spending amount, not breaking your budget. Avoid buying in states of depression and or states which you suspect will be harder to control. Do not be misled by advertising. Get to the point and do not look over what to buy, do not end up biting into something unexpected. Forget about the offers that you do not really need. When checking what you bought and found to have acquired only the products that you planned to †¦ congratulations! , You have managed to avoid the danger of compulsive shopping. Your bank account will thank you. The act to treat oniomania A 40 year old woman compulsively buying bags, coats, belts and shoes from expensive brands. They shared the high price and fancy leather. She arrived to fill the closet of her apartment, plus two more cabinets installed in the lounge. Sometimes he'd give away or return some of these products because it was impossible to fit in the space. Analyzing her family tree we could see that her mother was orphaned at birth. His grandmother also had her mother and motherhood are banned. His father, bitter widower and never touched her, for fear of incestuous sexual tension, and died when she was a teenager. When the clothes made contact with the skin it was so precious to her, the more expensive the product were worth more tuned into the symbolism. We suggested that a van filled with all the accumulated products and asked two friends, men and women who accompany her to a field outside the city. She would drive the vehicle to the designated place and the cargo pile up together in a pyramid form. She, lying on the ground would be massaged by these symbolic parents while the mountain of things burned. Then plant tree there. We also suggest that she volunteered at a center for the homeless children, cherish and give all the love you she had missed.

Comparison Of Different Waste Management Techniques Environmental Sciences Essay

Like incineration, gasification is a thermic procedure that uses high temperatures to interrupt down waste. It is still classed as incineration in the European Unions Waste Incineration Directive and has to run into the compulsory emanation bounds that it sets. Gasification is a procedure in which stuffs are exposed to some O, but non plenty to let burning to happen. The ensuing gas mixture of C monoxide, H and methane ( with smaller measures of C dioxide and N ) is called syngas and is itself a fuel. It has a calorific value so can be used as a fuel to bring forth electricity or steam or as a basic chemical feedstock in the petrochemical and refinement industries. The calorific value of the syngas will depend on the composing of the input waste waste to the gasifier. Both gasification and incineration are capable of change overing hydrocarbon-based risky stuffs to simple, nonhazardous by-products ( A Comparison of Gasification and Incineration of Hazardous Wastes Final Report Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy March 30, 2000. There is non much indifferent informations available on gasification but the companies developing gasification claim the engineering has important advantages over traditional incineration of waste. These are as follows The procedure uses less oxygen significance that fewer air emanations may be produced incorporating possible pollutants. Less C dioxide is produced intending less impact on planetary clime alteration. Any C dioxide produced during gasification is present at much higher concentrations and at higher force per unit areas than in watercourses produced from conventional burning, doing them easier to capture ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/basics/2.html ) The workss are are made up of little units ( modular ) which can be added to or taken off from as waste watercourses or volumes change ( e.g. with increased recycling in state ) and are hence more flexible and can run at a smaller graduated table than mass burn incinerators They are quicker to construct than conventional incinerators The procedures are claimed to bring forth a more utile merchandise than standard incineration that can be used as a fuel ( syngas ) The syngas may be used to bring forth energy more expeditiously, if a gas engine ( and potentially a fuel cell ) is used, while incineration can merely bring forth energy less expeditiously via steam turbines. ( Source – Eunomia Research and Consulting ( 2008 ) . Greenhouse gas balances of waste direction scenarios – study for the Greater London Authority ) .The syngas produced by gasification can be converted into many valuable merchandises, runing from electricity and steam to liquid fuels, basic chemicals, and H. Integration of multiple merchandises of gasification into industrial applications increases chances for added grosss The energy produced from gasification may be eligible for more Reclamations Obligations Certificates ( ROC ‘s ) than conventional incineration therefore increasing the possible income The treated fluke gas from an incinerator goes straight out into the ambiance. The treated syngas from the gasification works is used as a fuel in itself. When solid waste is incinerated one of the by merchandises is bottom ash which so has to be disposed of or treated and so disposed of depending on the content. When solid is processed in a gasifier, scoria is produced which can be can be sold, used as feedstock in chemical production processes, or recycled in other in-plant procedure operations. Sulfur compounds ( H2S and COS ) in the particulate-free syngas, usually a by-product of liquid gasification are typically removed and recovered utilizing conventional gas intervention engineerings from the refinery and natural gas industries. The ensuing by-product is high-purity liquid S which can so be sold and reused. ( A comparasion of gasification and incineration of risky wastes. Concluding Report. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 ) Emission degrees of SOx, NOx, and particulate from gasification systems are reduced significantly compared to incineration systems. In an oxidative incineration environment, S and N compounds in the provender are converted to SOx and NOx. In contrast, syngas killing systems for modern gasification systems are designed to recover 95 to 99 % of the S in the fuel as a high-purity S by-product A comparasion of gasification and incineration of risky wastes. Concluding Report. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 )The factors impacting the pick of bag filters or ESP in waste incinerators.Factor one: The type of waste being incinerated It all depends on what is being incinerated. . The features of the dust produced by the incineration plays a function in the pick as the combustibleness of some all right stuffs regulations out the usage of electrostatic precipitators. Bag filters are really efficient at roll uping all right particulates but non so good at big particulates so it depends on the merchandise of the incineration. ( Source Should I replace my Electrostatic Precipitator with a fabric filter, I. Fanthom, C. Cottingham. ) Most common ESP filtration is best used for ambient gaining control of light atmospheric dust. Unless a hob cleaning electrostatic precipitator is used, beginning gaining control or direct ducting from a heavy dust bring forthing incineration will rapidly make full up the aggregation plates. Heavy dust aggregation requires storage for a big volume of dust. The surface country of bag filters is much greater than surface country of electrostatic aggregation home bases and work better for dust gaining control of heavy dust bring forthing incineration than ESP would. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dustcollectorexperts.com/electrostatic/ ) Factor two: Features of the airstream The features of the airstream can hold important impacts on the aggregator system. For illustration cotton cloth bag filters can non be used where air temperatures exceed 82 grades centigrade. Besides condensation of steam or H2O vapors can blind bags doing them uneffective. Assorted chemicals created in the airstream can respond with the H2O in the airstream and signifier caustic liquids such as sulfuric acid which can eat any metal in the bag i.e. if it is rearward jet bag filter with a metal coop. ESP ‘s can defy caustic stuff doing aggregation possible. The individual most of import factor act uponing the Elecrostatic precipitator is the electric resistance of the gas being caught. Fabric filters take dust from a gas watercourse by go throughing gas through a cloth and go forthing dust on the surface of the cloth. It is hence non sensitive to dust electric resistance. A fabric filter can work on emanation degrees of 10-20 mg/NM3 whereas an ESP needs to be sized to suit demands. Factor three – Cost With most designs of ESP ‘s they have to close the line down in order to keep them which incurs a cost. With most bag filters they can be changed online, non incurring a cost of closing down. The power ingestion utilizing a bag filter is higher than utilizing an ESP, evidently incurring more costs for more power. Bag filters need to be changed more often than an Electrostatic Precipitator. Typically bags need altering every 4 old ages. An ESP needs a full service every 20-30 old ages. Bag filters are extremely efficient and cost effectual due to the dust bar which is formed on the surface. ( ( Source Should I replace my Electrostatic Precipitator with a fabric filter, I. Fanthom, C. Cottingham. ) They can accomplish a aggregation efficiency of more than 99 % for really all right particulates. The ESP ‘s are more expensive to put in than the bag filters Dust tonss may be needed to be reduced before the Electrostatic Precipitation procedure ( precleaner may be needed ) hence adding to the cost. Factor four – Features of the dust. Hygroscopic ( i.e. a stuff which attracts wet from the ambiance. If non protected from contact with the ambiance ( by being stored under vacuity or under a dry gas ) some hygroscopic stuffs will finally pull so much H2O that they will organize solutions ) and these can blind bag filters doing them ineffective. Factor Five – Conformity with Environmental ordinances and jurisprudence. In 1990the Environmental protection Act ( EPA ) introduced Integrated Pollution Control ( IPC ) necessitating higher control of emanations in most industries. More late the waste Incineration Directive was introduced and has imposed important alterations on any procedure combustion waste stuffs. For illustration the entire emanation value for Cd is 0.05 mg/Nm3. ( Source the Waste Incineration Directive ) . Hence the type of intervention demands to be chosen in order to fulfill these ordinances. It will besides depend how near the waste incinerator is to edifices and the type of edifice i.e. is it near a residential country. Hence more ordinances need to be considered sing public wellness. Factor Six- Space How much infinite is at that place for the installings. ESP ‘s are larger than bag filters and therefore take up more infinite.Methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate.There are assorted methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate -biological, biodegredation utilizing anaerobiotic and aerophilic procedures and chemical and physical methods. One such biological intervention that has been investigated is utilizing vertiver grass ( N. Roongtanakiat, T.Nirunrach, S.Chanyotha, D. Hengchaovanich. Uptake of heavy metals in landfill leachate by vertiver grass ‘ Natural Science 37: 168-175. 2003 ) . They investigated the workss ability to uptake heavy metals from the leachate. The Surat ecotype vertiver workss were planted in pots and treated with landfill leachate. The vertiver grass took up more heavy metals as the strength of the leachate increased and the heavy metals were equally distributed in the shoot and the root. The consequences of the field test at the landfill site besides indicated that vertiver could be used in rehabilitating landfills and nearby countries. The vertiver workss were shown to decease after 80-85 yearss if 100 % leachate was used so they could non e straight used on immature landfills, but could be used on immature landfills if limited leachate were used. The shoot of the works should be harves ted sporadically in order to take the heavy metals from the contaminated dirt and to excite new growing for more consumption. Artificial wetlands combined with aerophilic interventions have besides been studied as a remotion method for heavy metals in leachate. The survey was undertaken at Alback landfill site in Sweden In 2003. ( Source – hypertext transfer protocol: //warrr.org/168/ ) . The leachate intervention system consists foremost of an aeration measure, followed by several wetlands with different deepnesss and flora, intermediate commixture and aeration in a ditch, and eventually deposit in a pool. An approximative sum of 120,000 M3 of leachate base on ballss through the intervention stairss yearly. Leachate samples were collected at different phases along the intervention way during a period of two months and the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, nickel, lead and Cr were studied. The leachate samples were filtered with three different membranes with different pore sizes. Lead and Cr could non be detected at all in the leachate. The entire rates of decrease in the whole wetland system for Cd, Cu , and Zn concentrations were on mean – 83 % 74 % and 68 % severally. Nickel passed unchanged through the wetlands. The largest sum of metals in the leachate was already reduced during the first few metres in the wetland system, provided by deposit and aeration. Consequences of fractional process indicate that Ni and copperoccurred chiefly complex-bound to humic substances. Which are difficult to entree automatically or biologically. Zinc occurs largely in different ionic signifiers or bonded to atoms in the H2O. Harmonizing to environmental quality standards for natural Waterss in Sweden controlled by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, metal concentrations in the treated leachate are low and give rise to no or small hazard of biological effects. Further betterment to the wetland system ‘s heavy metal remotion rates is likely limited since a big sum of the metals appear as composites, which are difficult to entree automatically or biologically. ( Source  œ Persson, K. M. , Van Praahg, M and Olsberg.G, E. ( 2007 ) Removal of Heavy Metallic elements From Landfill Leachate by an Artificial Wetland During a Nordic Autumn. In: Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1-5 October 2007, S.Margherita di Pula – Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. hypertext transfer protocol: //warrr.org/168/ ) Aerobic intervention can be used where leachate is recirculated through the waste mass and air is injected into the waste mass. An probe by M.Sartaj, M. Ahmardifar, A.Karmi Jastini ‘ ( Assessment of unmoved aerophilic intervention of municipal landfill leachate at research lab degree – Persian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction B, Engineering. Vol 34 No.Bl. Pp107-116 2010 ) found that the remotion efficiency for Magnesium, Iron, Lead and Zinc was 93 % , 90 % , 43 % and 76 % severally. Leachate was collected in a container at the underside and pumped into another container at the top, from which leachate was recirculated back into the waste mass into which air was injected. Bacterias can be used to handle leachate for heavy metals. Bacterial floc on the on the leachate surviving in an aerated system with O degrees maintained above 5mg/l. The heavy metals are taken in by the bacteriums and incorporated into their cell biomass. ( Source – Arden Quarry Landfill – www.drydenaqua.com/leachate/leachate/leachpapers/123pdf ) Chemical intervention is besides used – Three armored combat vehicles are used in which pH is adjusted, metal precipate atoms coagulate and are flocculated and foods are added to promote microbic growing The usage of ferric and ferrous oxides as coagulates separate and clot the heavy metals leting remotion. The usage of oxidizers such as H peroxide or K permanganate react with the heavy metals and pull them out of the leachate leting remotion. Simple pH accommodation of the leachate causes the heavy metals to precipitate from the leachate and therefore be removed. ( Source – www.epa.gov/nrmrl ) Other methods include revolving biological contractors, drip filters, aerated lagunas, up flow anaerobic sludge cover reactors, chemical oxidization, surface assimilation, deposit, floatation, rearward osmosis and air denudation.Techniques for the separation of plastic types originating from municipal wastesPlastics can be separated by their rosin designation codification, a method of classification developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 168. See below Pet Polyethylene phenolphthalein – Fizzy drink bottles and oven-ready repast trays. HDPE High-density polythene – Bottles for milk and washing-up liquids. Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride – Food trays, cleaving movie, bottles for squash, mineral H2O and shampoo.LDPE Low denseness polythene – Carrier bags and bin line drives. PP Polypropylene – Margarine bath, microwaveable repast trays. PS Polystyrene – Yoghurt pots, foam meat or fish trays, beefburger boxes and egg cartons, peddling cups, fictile cutter, protective packaging for electronic goods and playthings. OTHER Any other plastics that do non fall into any of the above classs. – An illustration is melamine, which is frequently used in plastic home bases and cups. ( Source hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/informationsheets/plastics.htm ) The first point of separation can be at the clip of aggregation. The rosin codification is identified, as seen above, by a trigon formed by three trailing pointers with a figure indoors. This system allows segregation by what is desirable for a municipal recycling segregation system and what should non be included. Other types of separation include: DRY SEPARATION, utilizing the following techniques: Air classifiers -Air separation is used to divide different plastics, or even the same plastic, by the difference of the ratio between the surface of the flake and its mass. This is done by an air counter-flow, – an air flow lifts up plastics of light denseness material and the high denseness plastic corsets down utilizing gravitation. Mechanical classifiers -These are used on flakes of plastic and are largely used to divide flakes by size. Classifiers can be round, level, inclined, with slow or high frequence quivers etc. NIR ( Near Infrared Rays ) – These give a certain measure of energy to every individual piece of plastic and step the response ; this happens in footings of msecs. Its bound is the fact it can be used merely on crystalline points ( chiefly to screen PVC from PET bottles and flakes ) Laser spectral analysis -This penetrates the surface and steps emission spectra which depends upon heat capacity and thermic conduction so color does n't count. The response clip is long on this method so it is non mostly used. Polarized visible radiation -This used to look into differences of crystallinity and applies chiefly to the sorting of PVC from PET bottles but it can be used to screen any mixture of two plastics. UV light – This is used to divide polymers that exhibit different UV induced fluorescence. To human eyes, PET will remain clear while PVC turns black therefore this is a really common manner to manually screen bottles. Electrostatic separation is a system to pull or repel different plastics harmonizing to their charge.–WET SEPARATION, utilizing the following techniquesHydro cyclones heighten the difference of specific weight by centrifugal force, so seperating the plastics. It can be used on plastics of really similar weightsSink-float by preferable solvent soaking up is used when two polymers with same specific weight demand to be separated ; a dissolver ( intoxicant, ketone, etc ) makes one of the two lighter hence they can be separated. Hydrophobicity is the disfavor of H2O ; some polymers react in a different manner when traveling into H2O under certain conditions therefore separation becomes possible.Froth floatation means air bubbles attach to one solid advancing natation in a liquid and leave the other ( s ) to drop. Chemical Separation can besides be used including Hydrolysis, Glycolysis, hydroglycolysis .PyrolysisA new separation technique for assorted plastics using selective wetting features has been developed. The surface of specific plastics can be selectively changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by utilizing a wetting agent. Then, when little air bubbles are introduced into a separation cell, they adhere to the surface of the hydrophobic plastics and drift them to the H2O surface. The new separation technique is wholly different from conventional methods based on lone differences in denseness. Plastics with the same denseness can be separated by this procedure. The fictile centrifuge can be used for many intents: for dividing plastics from mixtures, riddance of foreign affair such as paper, fibres, aluminum foil, Cu wire french friess, sand, and glass from plastics ; elucidation of waste H2O incorporating all right rosin pulverization ; etc. ( Source K.Saitoh, I. Naguna, S.Izuni. ‘ New Separation technique for waste plastics. Central Research Laboratory, Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company. 1976 )

MGMT 670 week 8 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT 670 week 8 Conference - Essay Example My experience as a CEO, taught me to employ the participatory approach in problem solving. Involving other board members in decision-making and problem solving is essential for any company. Good ethics in business is essential, and decisions made should be ethical. Providing quality services to customers helps a company compete favorably in the market, as there is customer satisfaction. The environmental performance of a company is essential. This influences the society and the economy. According to Lewis & Little (2004), if a company fails to report on its environmental performance, it risks financial and managerial problems. The board of directors must be skilled enough to prevent and manage cases of unethical behavior in the company, as these influence the company negatively. Universal ethical principles must be adhered to and fostered in the company. A strong strategy will put the company on a competitive map. However, solid execution of strategy will sustain a company on the competitive map. When executing company strategy, considering employee opinions is paramount, as well as setting up a competent management board. Top performing employees must be motivated through best practices such as trainings, in order to retain them, and attract new ones. The company must also remain competent in the market by adjusting to suit the changing needs of customers. For successful strategy execution, a company may also consider structuring its work efforts. A well-informed decision should be made on what activities need outsourcing, and which ones can be performed internally. A company needs to also determine the degree of authority bestowed on its employees. When employees are empowered, depending on their degree of authority, the management must still be capable of exercising their control over them. The decision-making method of the company must as well be spelled out. It can be centralized or

Integrity and Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Integrity and Social Responsibility - Essay Example International human rights law imposes obligations and responsibilities on Governments, and thus promotes and ensures protection of the fundamental freedom of groups and individuals (Ohchr.org, n.d.).Thus, Governments play a significant role as they are responsible to comply with the international human rights law and to refrain from acts that are contradictory to this law. Human rights are based on the principle of universality, which is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle was first declared in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948 (Ohchr.org, n.d.). Also, human rights are interdependent, interrelated and indivisible, whereas all people have the right to life, freedom of expression, equality before the law, right to education, social security, work, to self-determination, and personal development (Ohchr.org, n.d.). Another cross-cutting principle in international human rights law is the principle of non-discrimination. This principle is integrated into all major human right treaties, and has a central theme in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ohchr.org, n.d.). Today, human rights are identified and declared in the numerous declarations, resolutions, and conventions, including the following: United Nations Convention: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its Protocols; The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action; ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of 1998; and United Nations Convention: International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Global Reporting Initiative, n.d.). Increased public awareness and presence of various international organizations facilitate the process

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan - Term Paper Example As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Japan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled t he regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.†Ã‚   By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started.... In 1989 , Toys â€Å" R† Us made its first attempt to enter into the Japanese toy market which was then controlled by small general retailers of tiny specialty stores .As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Ja pan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled the regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.† By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started. (Johanson 2006:185).

The advantages and disadvantages of BACI design and its approaches Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of BACI design and its approaches - Essay Example 2009).The BACI design requires data from two sites namely the control site and the impact site. The sites are viewed as pairs and forming a block of time. The required data is collected a number of times before the impact begins as well as after. According to Anderson, et al. (2009), there are two treatments namely â€Å"Before-After† and â€Å"Control-Impact†. The first treatment is of primary interest during the second of secondary interest to the researcher. If there is an environmental disturbance that affects the given population, academics argue that the different interactions are prevailing in the statistical mean rest responsible for the abundance results seen in the sampled population. It is arguable that the differences impose control and potentially affected location before the disturbance and that difference after the disturbance (Lucas et al. 2013). The final problem is that there are certain environmental disturbances that cannot be detected by using the BACI design; these disturbances alter the temporal pattern of variance of abundance when statistical calculations are involved (Lucas et al. 2013). 2. Behavioral element developed by the birds such as avoiding the vicinity of the turbines. This can have an effect on the birds such as displacing them from their natural habitats and affecting their movement patterns This is a design made to analyze changes in means because of human activity. The simplest form involves collecting data on the activity and comparing it with the data from the event. The standard approach is to treat data as independent samples and to compare the samples using the two-sample test. Any differences found in the samples are associated with the given activity. However, it is difficult to make a causal inference as the data collected is observational and depends on several assumptions (Langston, Pullan & Council of Europe, 2010).The Disadvantages of this design is that

Statement of purpose 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose 6 - Essay Example My father is a Mathematics teacher in an intermediate school in Kuwait while my mother is a Kindergarten teacher. They both loved to assist their students in making their dreams come true and they are not about to stop in giving their all to help me reach mine. Having big dreams is one of the things they have always encouraged us, motivating us to excel in various activities and not just concentrate in one thing because they believe that we can never find what is best for us if we do not try other things. My parents have truly been my greatest motivating factors even now, encouraging me to finish my postgraduate studies while they are still able to financially support me. Enrolling for the Masters degree is one of my greatest dreams and I am glad that I have great support which I am taking while I am still young and single so I decided to widen my knowledge in the teaching profession by enrolling in your excellent university. It is my strong desire to become the best teacher I could be, working at a university, shaping the minds of future professionals and encouraging them to become the best that they could be as well. Working as an English teacher in the Ministry of Education in Kuwait since the last quarter of 2010 made me realize how great are the information and trainings that I still need to have. I do believe that I can learn a lot as I go along with my teaching profession, through experience. Nevertheless, as I mentioned earlier, I want to grab the chance to accumulate all the education I can have while I am still young and able to grasp much information and while there are able people to support me. I have graduated English Language and Literature in Arts College, majoring in Linguistics with minor in Translations at Kuwait University and as far as my professors are concerned, they have given me good reviews saying I have a good level of English fluency both in oral and written form. Having English as my second language, I like to have the fluency of na tive speaker so that the United Kingdom has been on the top of my list not just because of the geographical advantage it gives me but because of my love for the historical places. Enrolling in the country will give me a great advantage in my speech especially the correct pronunciation of words as well as sentence construction and other important things to consider in the employment of the language. Though my professors have highly approved of my present skills, I know there is still a wide room for my improvement and I am looking forward to fill that void in the United Kingdom, in the University of Warwick. One of my great passions is teaching but as they say, you can only give what you have. In my few months of working with the Ministry of Education, I have to confess that my educational experience is still not enough to get me through to be the teacher I would like to be. Ambitious, you might think I am. Probably, I would much agree but not in the negative sense of the word becaus e my ambitions are not just geared to the making of a great ‘me’ but to becoming the vessel of information and training where students could take the training and education they want from me. I have seen how much my fellow Kuwaitis need the training from a foreign land and I am offering myself to be just another instrument to meeting this need. It is my desire that I would be a great influence in the success of other people as I succeed in my own

Du's Use of the Imagery of Rose in the Tale of Kieu Essay

Du's Use of the Imagery of Rose in the Tale of Kieu - Essay Example From a feminist perspective, the rose imagery can perceived as a part of the male dominated society imposed culture of stylizing the female body as well as female gender in a manner that serves the patriarchy’s purpose, the best, of subjugating and subordinating them for satisfying their carnal hunger. In Nguyen Du’s â€Å"The Tale of Kieu† the use of rose imagery and its comparison with the protagonist Kieu essentially depicts the patriarchal scheme of creating a culture that is supposed to stylize the female as weak, feeble and incapable to taking any difficult responsibility. I said this because Du depicts a woman’s sufferings in a society that is essentially ruled and dominated by Confucian patriarchal values and the imagery of ‘flower’ and ‘rose’ serves him the best to uphold the society’s view of women. In the â€Å"Tale of Kieu† the imagery of rose is fraught with a number of meanings and attributes such beaut y, loveliness, sexual appeal, fragility etc. In plain eyes, an imagery of rose represents Kieu’s purity, chastity and a number of other virtues. In fact these virtues make the protagonist so lovable, desirable, pretty and admirable. The narrator describes her as a rose which has lost its home: â€Å"Alone with her dilemma in deep night, /†¦../ A rose afloat, a water fern adrift: / such was the lot her future held in store† (Du, line 216-220). Kieu’s beauty has been significantly symbolized by the rose imagery. Obviously the story of Kieu, who is as beautiful as a rose, is more heartrending and poignant. It instantly evokes the readers’ pity for the protagonist. At the brothel, while sitting by the window Kieu was watching a â€Å"washed out rose†. In fact Du has depicted such scene in order to intensify the pitiful situation of Kieu’s life: â€Å"Her feelings snarled like raveled skeins of silk. / Through window bars she gazed at mists beyond / a washed out rose, a willow gaunt and pale† (Du, line 40-44). In fact, in â€Å"the Tale of Kieu† a rose has been used as a symbol of lust. Kieu is not only beautiful but also she is sexually appealing like a â€Å"fragrant rose†. Once, Kim was attracted to Kieu sexually. But the protagonist had been able to save her rose-like chastity and purity. But her sexual beauty is as appealing as a fragrant rose is. The narrator of â€Å"The Tale of Kieu† describes the scene as following: â€Å"A fragrant rose, she sparkled in full bloom, / bemused his eyes, and kindled his desire. / When waves of lust had seemed to sweep him off, / his wooing turned to wanton liberties.† (Du, line 342-348) In the same fashion, the image of a rose has been used to refer to Kieu’s sexual attractiveness in the following lines: â€Å"He could not drive her from his haunted mind./†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦../ Silk curtains veiled her windows like dense clouds, / And toward the rose within he'd dream his way. (Du, line 245-250) Remarkably the ‘rose’, that is Kieu, in these lines seems to an object what a boy dreams of and the phrase â€Å"he'd dream his way† indicates that Kieu is a sexual existence, since a matured boy’s way of dreaming of a girl must be associated with sexuality. Ironically the similarity between Kieu and a rose is a reference to her weakness also. By drawing Kieu’s similarity to a rose, the author also reminds the readers of Kieu’s helplessness and weakness. Women’s fragility and weakness have conveyed through the rose

Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain Research Proposal

Intravenous Paracetamol to manage pain - Research Proposal Example Patients are bound to experience pain after the effect of anaesthesia given before surgery is finally gone. White et al (2010) had reported a result of surveys in Europe and the USA, stating the need to improve the quality of managing pain after surgeries. The practice then was to use opioids which have multiple adverse effects (AEs): constipation, urinary retention, vomiting/nausea, allergic reactions, confusion, sedation, respiratory depression, and hypotension. These AEs increased the cost of hospitalization and delayed the recovery of patients. A better way of managing pain was then under clinical trials for 15 years. It involved the use of analgesics that require less opioids. There was no FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen at that time. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Inc. patented the first I.V. Paracetamol in July 8, 2011 (US SEC 2011) and produced Ofirmev which, until the present, does not have a competitor worldwide due to the recognized protection for intellectual property. Th is gathered evidence about the efficacy and safety of using Ofirmev (the only available US FDA approved Intravenous Acetaminophen in the market), how it benefits patients, and actually improved the quality of pain management. There were evidences based on actual clinical trials with patients that proved the efficacy and safety of Intravenous Paracetamol to neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and even the elderly with age 65 years old and above, for mild, moderate, and severe cases of pain, especially postoperative pain. Introduction Focus is given to the extent of actual benefits observed in many clinical trials, limitations, and clarifications pertaining to the use of I.V. Paracetamol use for postoperative pain management. As a background, over a year after the introduction of the US FDA approved injectable pain reliever under the brand name Ofirmev, doctors have pursued further clinical trials in Europe and the USA covering thousands of patients. One of the reference s of this paper took the effort to search for registered clinical trials in order to learn more about efficacy, safety, proportion of patients who responded favourably or not, to mostly postoperative cases. It would be interesting to know under what conditions I.V. Acetaminophen should be administered to patients. What procedures were followed? Why? There are very young to very old patients who encounter the need for surgery. How should it be given? In actual experiences, was it safe to administer the use of this analgesic to any of such patients? What are the chances of having a satisfied postoperative patient after using Ofirmev? For one thing, doctors excluded patients with symptoms pointing to contraindications against the use of Intravenous Acetaminophen. These are situations wherein patients have severe liver disease, hepatic impairment and active hepatic disease, allergic to acetaminophen, chronic malnutrition, severe renal impairment, and to patients with history of being al coholic. The US FDA (2012a) announced that the limitation per dosage of acetaminophen should be 325 mg. while the total maximum dosage per day must not exceed 4 grams. For infants, the recommended dose of the US FDA for acetaminophen in vial is only 50 mL per child weighing less than 33 kg. (US FDA 2012b, p.12) There were cases of acetaminophen over dosages in infants and adults in the past. For adults, from 1998 to 2003, a total of 131 people experienced â€Å"acute liver failure in the United States† due to acetaminophen overdose (US FDA 2012a). Nonetheless, the medical practice has changed from using mostly opioids like morphine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to the preferred use of Intravenous Acetaminophen in combination with less opioids only when needed, for reasons that will be disclosed in this paper. Problem and Purpose Quality management of postoperative pain requires provisions for the comfortable recovery of patients right after surgery. Unfor tunately, the use of opioids to

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Theories - Essay Example Behaviorists like Ivan Pavlov (1936) and Skinner (1990) states that behavior is explained by environmental causes, rather than by internal forces. It also emphasizes that the environment influences human behavior. Whereas, the Social Learning theory, states that people learn through the observation of other people. According to Bandura, (1977, p22) 'Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasion s this coded information serves as a guide for action.' (1977, p22). On the other hand, Cognitive Learning theorist 'were concerned with cognition - the act or process of knowing.' (Smith, 1999). Researchers like Jean Piaget, while recognizing the contribution of environment, explored changes in internal cognitive structure. It explained that every human being is bound to these stages. This also tells us that learning depends on the level or stage that we are in. La stly, Humanistic approach to learning have explained that human beings as self-actualizing. The theory explains that people are bound to growth. In humanism, 'learning is student centered and personalized, and the educator's role is that of a facilitator. Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-actualized people in a cooperative, supportive environment.' (Huit, 2001) The famous theory of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs (1954) identifies the needs of individual that needs to be considered in a learning environment. The hierarchy of needs is illustrated by a triangle in most references. The hierarchy are as follow: 1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc.; 2) Safety/security: out of danger; 3) Belonginess and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and 4) Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition. 5) Self-actualization: to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential. According to Maslow, if an individual successfully fulfilled the needs, they will achieve self-actualization. Applied to a learning environment, a student should be able to satisfy his/her physiological needs in order for him/her to focus on learning a lesson. We can consider the physiological needs as food, clothing, shelter and the like. Imagine a student who has not eaten breakfast and came to school for his/her first class, the student may not be able to understand or comprehend his/her teacher if his/her stomach aching out of hunger. Once the physiological needs are in place and all right, Safety and security is next to be addressed, a student may consider his/her physical safety going to school. If the student feels that he/she is not secured in the school,

ICT Usage by the Eldery Essay Example for Free

ICT Usage by the Eldery Essay In this unit of my coursework I shall be writing about an elderly lady with special needs who is helped with the usage of ICT. The person that Im going to be writing about is Mrs Ann Reynolds, an 87 year old lady suffering from arthritis, she lives alone in her own house that she has being living in for over 40 years, it is located in central Harrow. Due to her suffering of arthritis mobility has being very difficult for her, moreover she increasingly has become deaf in the recent years, however this old bird is still mentally tip top and alert and enjoys listening to the radio, in particular the womens programs. Mrs Reynolds has two siblings and two twin granddaughterss aged 12, who currently live in Southampton Some of her Personal needs include the need to move around the house with ease, something that has become increasingly hard due to her condition of arthritis, also she has the need to control appliances and regulate the heating in her house, with old age comes the reduced ability of regulating the bodies temperature, meaning she has the need for constant heating, moreover she also has the need to feel safe in her house, due to recent brake in she has being scared with memories of the incident and has increasingly grown scared of the outside world trying to get in, furthermore she also has the need to do the shopping, cmon old she may be but she still has to eat, in addition she also has the need to receive her medical care. Socially she has the need to be able to keep in touch with friends and family. CCTV Camera and a TV Mrs Reynolds has a special CCTV camera fitted into her porch, which is connected to the her TV inside which is located inside her living room, this empowers Mrs Reynolds to see who is at her door furthermore she also has the ability to speak to them. The CCTV Camera helps meet Mrs Reynolds needs due to it allowing her to see what or who is outside her front door/porch, it also allows her to speak to them if necessary, this helps meet Mrs Reynolds needs because now she can see who is outside her porch without actually opening the door, this therefore gives Mrs Reynolds the convenience of knowing that she can remain safe and unharmed inside her house. This goes back to the time that she was attacked by a bogus caller, which left quite a scar on poor old Mrs Reynolds, via the usage of CCTV Mrs Reynolds now feels safe inside her house and she feels much more independent. Telecare Mrs Reynolds uses a simple technology called Telecare its enables and empowers her so that she lives more independently in the community. Telecare is the new name given to advanced community alarm services. Community alarms plug into telephones lines and come with a call button (pendant) which can be worn by an individual such as Mrs Reynolds. Furthermore using the call button she in now enabled to call for help from anywhere in the home or garden. How does Telecare work? The Telecare unit is fitted to Mrs Reynolds telephone point and main power supply along with some sensors. Telecare sensors can also monitor where she is in her home and can detect if; * She has stopped moving. * Or if she has fallen. * Whether she has gone outside. * Also when she is in bed or sitting in a chair inside her house. Moreover other sensors fitted in her house -smoke detector and extreme temperature detector in her kitchen. When the call button is pressed or one of the sensors is triggered, its base unit will raise an alert through the service users telephone line to a monitoring and Response centre. In case of an emergency, or when the operator cant contact her at home, the operator will contact a family member, a friends or a neighbour to have them quickly pop round and see if everything is alright and that Mrs Reynolds is safe and healthy. If the operator is unable to contact any of the following above, the operator will alert the emergency services. All together Telecare helps meet Mrs Reynoldss personal needs, due to it ensuring that she remains independent and safe in her house, without fear of any incidents happening, even if god-forbid something does happen, most likely someone will be round to help her in no time. All-in-one remote control Mrs Reynolds uses a universal remote control that enables her to access her TV, DVD, satellite receivers and CCTV that is located in her porch, the remote control is fairly large and very easy to function, it is also easily functioned and the buttons are big and bright so its is easy for Mrs Reynolds to use them, furthermore they are highly sensitive to touch and are colour coordinated for easier use. Moreover the all-in-one remote control helps Mrs Reynolds switch between her different functions, for example if she is watching her favourite soap on BBC1 and gets a door knock, she can switch from AV1 to AV2 using the universal remote control, which means she can switch from TV on AV1 to her CCTV camera on AV2, which in response permits her to see and possible speak to whom it may be at the door. Furthermore the large universal all-in-one remote control helps meet Mrs Reynolds personal needs, because of its large shape it is easy for Mrs Reynolds to hold it in her hand and she is unlikely to misplace and loose it, moreover the large touch sensitive buttons, make life easier for Mrs Reynolds allowing.

The Superior Personality of Addams According to Psychologists Essay Example for Free

The Superior Personality of Addams According to Psychologists Essay The superiority in Addams’ personality marks her leadership and fame. Famous psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, John Watson, and Otho Rank have explored theories to explain reasons for these superior characteristics. According to Freud, a person is motivated to do something based on two aspects of the superego. The first is the ego which is the person’s conception of what his/her parents will approve, and the other is the conscience which embodies one’s conception of what should be condemned. In our review of Addams life, we may point out how her father served as a great influence in her actions. Her father, who served as a senator, basically provided the orientation to help other people, or to be of service to others. For Freud, the Electra complex could be at work here. Thus, Freudians would reasonably point out that Addams’ social behavior and achievements could have been dedicated in half towards pleasing father. Also, Addams had difficulty finding the same energy she had about medical school when her father passed away. Thus bereavement also provoked her to find the real meaning of life and her mission in the world. The other half could be dictated by her conscience to do as what the society told her. Raised in values by her father who admired Lincoln, Addams formed a conviction against racism and labor injustice, making her act against them, though it meant condemnation from other people in her society. The ego and the conscience worked together to bring out the leadership qualities that Addams possessed. Another famous psychological point of view to explain why a person excels highly above the rest is that of Carl Rogers’. According to Rogers, people are basically good and healthy. He argued that people’s motives are governed by the force of life or the â€Å"actualizing tendency†. Applying this to the personality of Addams, we may say that even at a young age, Addams always had an inclination to excel and achieve her best. Like a plant which grows up, buds flowers, and bears fruit, Addams was subject to her own natural â€Å"actualizing tendency†. In her biography, we can note that although her father disapproved of her studying and eventually becoming a doctor, Addams still pursued her life goal of being of service to others. Moreover, Rogers would also affirm that it was Addams’ nature to do what she felt best for the society and the world, which motivated her to do what she did. Furthermore, Rogers’ concept of positive self-regard tells us that Addams was provoked to act on the injustices in her society because she believed she could make a difference. Coming from a wealthy family, she knew what she had, which she could share with others. Going back to the time when she saw the outskirts of London, she was able to determine her purpose in life, and she was naturally led to her self-actualization. Likewise, Gordon Allport introduced a theory on psychological maturity. He called this state as a â€Å"well-developed proprium†. According to Allport, a person has achieved this when s/he has â€Å"specific, enduring extensions of self-involvement. † In the community works rendered by Addams, we see how she endured the sacrifices of helping and educating others. Specifically, one of the women who worked at Hull House commented, She is very tired . . . of course she did not let [that] deter her from tearing about. She preached for the Methodists last Sunday, entertained the Colored Women of the National Council (Mrs. Booker T. Washington et al) yesterday and later went to Winnetka . . . she runs over to Mrs. Jones-around to Mrs. Fiellras . . . up to Mrs. Kenyon-off with Mrs. Halderman, down to inquiring strangers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davis, 1973, p. 82). Another characteristic of a person with well-developed proprium is having â€Å"dependable techniques for warm-relating to others†. This includes a person’s tolerance and sympathy of others. The third characteristic is having â€Å"emotional security† which is very evident in Addams. Fourth is having â€Å"habits of realistic perception†. When Jane saw the Toynbee Hall in London, she deciphered that the root cause of her own society’s dilemma was, â€Å"overaccumulation at one end of society, and destitution at the other† (Bush, 1993, p. 49). Fifth, Allport also identified â€Å"problem-centeredness† as another characteristic. Evidently, Addams possessed this as she responded to the labor problems of the factory workers in her hometown. Sixth is â€Å"self-objectification† which is the ability to reflect on one’s behavior. Although Addams was criticized and identified by the FBI as the most dangerous woman in America during her time, she still fought for peace against all odds. The last characteristic was to have a â€Å"unifying philosophy of life†. By putting up the Hull House, Addams reached out not only to the poor but also to the rich by making them contribute to the House’s projects. Another psychologist who can offer explanation to Addams’ leadership qualities is John Watson, the father of behaviorism. Exploring his theory, we may note that Addams’ personal qualities of being a leader were only her response to the stimuli given to her. Coming from a well-to-do family, Addams was affected by the sufferings she witnessed in her town, and this motivated her to act on the situation. Seeing the problems of the workers and the migrants, she responded to help alleviate their sufferings. Likewise, when America joined the World War I, she mainly reacted on the events happening, and voiced out her opposition with her idealistic regard for peace. While all these theories explain the superior leader in Addams, we may also expound on the theory of Otto Rank to explain another aspect of her personality. Breaking out from Freud, who was his mentor, Otto Rank extended the psychoanalytic theory by delving on myths, legend, and art. In particular, his belief that people can be categorized as â€Å"hero† and â€Å"artist† can be applied to the personality of Addams. In his theory, Rank stated that some people can be categorized as artists. As an artist, this person sees reality as his own image, thus reconstructs it as he would himself. In addition, Rank argued that a true artist needs immortality which he can achieve by identifying with the collective will of his environment. Furthermore, he also emphasized that among artists, there is the productive type—who is also the genius and creative—to which Addams can be categorized. Remember that Addams used the arts to relieve the sufferings of the workers in their town. Being able to teach arts and using it as a medium to attract people of their projects, we can say that the artist prototype was fully evident in Addams. Unlike other artists who worked for division or fame, Addams chose to work for the best of her people. As such, her qualities exemplified the productive type that Rank theorized. The inspiration that Addams offers each of us, especially women, should always be remembered. Her life constituted by breaking free from stereotyping, making both ends meet for the Hull House, opposing views of the majority regarding war, and serving people through her projects and writings, is what all of us should follow if we want to effect changes in our society. Although the explanations offered by theorists regarding her personality may vary, one thing remains constant: life would not be the same without the contributions of Jane Addams.It is through her aspirations and idealism that America learned to recognize more the rights and sufferings of its people. References Addams, Jane. (1960). A Centennial Reader, ed. by E. C. Johnson. New York: Macmillan Addams, Jane. (1910). Twenty Years at Hull-House. New York: Macmillan Boeree, George. (2006). Personality Theories. Retrieved December 21 2007, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/perscontents. html Bush, Malcolm. (1993). Jane Addams: No Easy Heroine. Free Inquiry, 13 (4), Fall 48-49. Davis, Allen F. (1973). American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams. Oxford Press: New York. DeMar Gary. (1988). Behaviorism. In Surviving College Successfully: A Complete Manual for the Rigors of Academic Combat. Wolgemuth Hyatt Publishers, Inc. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http://forerunner. com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism. html Haberman, Frederick. (1972). In Nobel Lectures, Peace 1926-1950. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/addams-bio. html Lundblad, Karen Shafer. (1995). Jane Addams and Social Reform: A Role Model for the 1990s. Social Work, 40 (5), September, 661-669

Marx Materialist Conception of History

Marx Materialist Conception of History What is materialist about Marxs view of history? Introduction Marx himself never fully outlined his materialist theory of history, though ‘it occurs in fragmentary form in all his early work written during the years 1843-48, and is taken for granted in his later thought’ (Berlin, 1979: 56) thus it was left to later theorists to deduce it from his early work. In order to understand what is ‘materialist’ about Karl Marx’s view of history we must first situate his theory within the context in which he worked, for in developing his materialist theory of history Marx was heavily influenced by the theories of Hegel: for not only was Hegel the dominant philosopher in Prussia at the time, but Hegel also influenced Marx in his choice of doctoral dissertation. He chose a study of the materialist philosophies of Democritus [†¦] and Epicurus, a Hellenistic philosopher who wrote under the shadow of Aristotle in precisely the same way as the Young Hegelians seemed to be under the shadow of Hegel (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 487). Indeed, Marx has often been linked to the group referred to as the ‘Young Hegelians’ (Williams, 2003: 489) and which included Bruno Baure, Max Stirner, Ludwig Feuerbach and David Strauss (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 485-489) even though Hegel was long dead by the time Marx started his studies. Believing, as I do, that it is not possible to understand Marx’s materialism without first understanding Hegel’s idealist view of history, in the first section I provide a, very brief, overview of Hegel’s philosophy of history. In the second I examine Marx’s theory of history, demonstrating how he overturns Hegel’s idealist schema so that instead of being driven by ideas for Marx history is driven by inherent tensions within the mode of production: it is class based (Berlin, 1979: 59) and therefore materialist. In the conclusion I summarise my argument, highlighting the commonalities between the thought of Hegel and Marx whilst concluding that whilst Heg el was indeed an idealist, Marx’s view of history was undeniably materialist in that it was ultimately concerned with productive relations but, nonetheless, Marx remained idealistic in his methodology due to the influence of Hegel on his work. Hegel and Historical Idealism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), pre-eminent philosopher at Jena, Heidelberg and later Berlin Universities (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 409) came to dominate German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. He was himself heavily influenced by previous philosophers, including Rousseau (1712-1778), Descartes (1596-1650), Kant (1724-1804), Herder (1744-1803) and those thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment (see Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 412-421). Hegel developed his ‘comprehensive’ theory of history through an in-depth examination of religion,[1] for he believed that religion, rather than being irrational, was ‘the way in which men generally achieve the consciousness of their being’ (Hegel in Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 416). For Hegel, history is the process of the unfolding of the ‘eternal, universal Spirit’ (Berlin, 1979: 57) toward absolute knowledge or self-consciousness: that is, down through history man has been increasingly freed from nature or necessi ty via the dialectic, ‘a constant logical criticism’ (Berlin, 1979: 58; Taylor in Marx and Engels, 1985: 8). Hegel thus argued that it was possible to identify in each historical epoch a dominant set of ideas and its negation (Taylor in Marx and Engels, 1985: 8), later termed thesis and anti-thesis, the emerging synthesis being progress. His view of history is therefore teleological and stagist; he believed it to be rational and progressive, moving toward improvement in distinct steps through the actions of ‘world historical individuals’ (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 419; 480). For Hegel then, history is driven forward by ideas; it is, ultimately, idealist: ‘all change is due to the movement of the dialectic, that works by a constant logical criticism, that is, struggle against, and final self-destruction of, ways of thought and constructions of reason and feeling’ (Berlin, 1979: 58). Further, Hegel, following Rousseau and influenced by the Ancient Greeks, believed that true freedom was to be found through, rather than against the state, thus opposing the negative freedoms of liberal thought (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 415, 424; 463): he argued that law and rights are products of man’s mastery over nature, rather than a continuation of the rights of nature as in Locke (Hinchman, 1984: 25), and that therefore equality is created in society via the act of mutual recognition (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 440) and which he illustrates with the mythical encounter between the master and the slave.[2] Therefore, for Hegel, the state is not oppressive, but li berating as it presents the means by which ‘man’ is able to realise his own freedom. It was both this idealism and this freedom via the state that Marx, following Feuerbach, sought to invert. Marx and Historical Materialism So, for Hegel, history or social change was the result of tensions between different ideas, between thesis and anti-thesis. Karl Marx (1818-1883) however, via his critique of Hegel, was to overturn this theory, turning the idealist schema into a materialist one: for Marx, rather than history being the result of ideological tension it was the result of tensions between the classes (Berlin, 1979: 59): in short, he sought to invert Hegelian idealism ‘the weapon of criticism cannot replace the criticism of weapons, and material forces must be overthrown by material force (Marx, 1975: 251) in that he believed it was not ideas that drives history but the relations of production (Marx, 1975: 384). In short, Marx believed that it is practical activity by real humans that counts, and not the conceptual activity of Hegel, and it is economic history that is most important of all (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 500; 513): in short his history was materialist. Following Hegel, Marx believed that the ‘history of humanity is a single, non-repetitive process, which obeys discernable laws’ (Berlin, 1979: 57), but he disagreed with Hegel’s idealism, following the critique of Hegel by Feuerbach in believing that such idealism was in fact a ‘mystification’ (Berlin, 1979: 57) he instead argued that the point of philosophy was to change the world (Marx, 1975: 244-245): ‘Philosophers have only interpreted that world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it’ (Marx in Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 512) via praxis, or practical philosophy (Bottomore, 1979: 6). Further, unlike Hegel, Marx did not believe that Religion was ‘the way in which men generally achieve the consciousness of their being’ (Hegel in Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 416), but instead was made by man; it is an ‘inverted consciousness of the world [†¦] at one and the same time the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering [†¦] it is the opium of the people’ (Marx, 1975: 244, original emphasis). He also distanced himself from Hegel’s dislike of the empirical sciences (Berlin, 1979: 67); instead his practical philosophy seeks, like the empirical sciences, to be emancipatory. He argued that, when examining each historical epoch, it was possible to isolate the key tension; that is, like Hegel who argued that thesis and anti-thesis pushed history forward, for Marx it was a key socio-economic tension which led to revolution and so pushed forward history: ‘the ancient world gave way to the medieval, slavery to feudalism, and feudalism to the industrial bourgeoisie’ (Berlin, 1979: 64). In short: ‘all history has been a history of class struggles, of struggles between dominated and dominating classes at various stages of social development’ Marx and Engels, 1985: 57). Thus, rather than the actions of the ‘world historical individuals’ of Hegel (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 480) for Marx it was the actions of an entire class in the future this was to be the proletariat that drives progress: ‘one particular class undertakes from its particular situation the universal emancipation of society (Marx, 1975: 254). Each revolution in the past, itself the result of the classes’ material circumstances, or the mode of production, had contributed to historical progress. Thus, rather than the idealist history of Hegel, for Marx history is materialist; it is the result of actual conflict in the real world, conflict which is the result of material forces (Taylor in Marx and Engles, 1985: 9; 18). Hegel’s idealism becomes, under Marx, a method (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 489) which reveals that while the state may make men formally free, this freedom is in fact only abstract (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 492-493) as people are actually embedded in the relations of production and are therefore unequal. Conclusion I have simplified Marx’s philosophy here, and thus missed the importance of thinkers such as Rousseau, Voltaire, Saint-Simon, Bauer and the Scottish Enlightenment on the development of this thought (Bottomore, 1979: 4-11; Hampsher-Monk, 2001). Also, some authors, including Althusser, have argued that Marx should be divided into early and later Marx (Williams, 2003: 491); with the early stage representing his humanist phase, whilst the later his ‘mature’ work, being where he developed his materialist, social scientific view of history (Williams, 2003: 491). In this essay, however, I have concentrated on his early work in order to demonstrate the materialist nature of his understanding of history: I have done this for two reasons; firstly, I feel that to divide Marx’s philosophy into early and late stages misses the continuity of his thought; secondly, by concentrating on his critique of Hegel, a critique to which he does not return to in his later work, I ha ve been able to demonstrate both his continuation of, and opposition to, the idealism of Hegel’s philosophy of history: for while Marx undeniably sought to overturn Hegelian philosophy, ‘the framework of the new theory is undeviatingly Hegelian’ (Berlin, 1979: 57). Indeed, recent scholarship appears to stress the continuity between Marx’s and Hegel’s thought: ‘Marx and Hegel can be usefully read as sharing a common emancipatory theory of human social history, tempering any putative epistemological break between them’ (Williams, 2003; 495-495). Both believed that poverty was the result of commercial society, rather that the result of misfortune or individual failings and that such poverty entails alienation (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 456-457); both are positive when describing organizations in which men pursue common goals, for Hegel via the corporation (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 459) for Marx via the establishment of communism (Marx and Engles, 1 985). However, whereas for Hegel history was driven forward by ideas and the actions of ‘world historical individuals’ (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 480), for Marx it was to be the actions of an entire class, the proletariat, that would drive progress and bring about communism and whilst both theorists share a concern with alienation, for Marx this alienation is the result of material forces: ‘the process by which man creates things out of nature, comes to be dominated by those creations, but will finally overcome that alienation through recovering control of his own (material) creations’ (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 499). For Marx, therefore, history is ultimately materialist. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah (1979 [1973]) ‘Historical Materialism’, Karl Marx, Bottomore, Tom (Ed.), Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 56-68. Bottomore, Tom (1979 [1973]) ‘Introduction’, Karl Marx, Bottomore, Tom (Ed.), Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 4-42. Hampsher-Monk, Iain (2001 [1992]) ‘G.W.F. Hegel’ and ‘Karl Marx’, A History of Modern Political Thought: Major Thinkers from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 409-482; 483-561. Hinchman, Lewis P (1984) ‘The Origins of Human Rights: A Hegelian Perspective’, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol.37, No. 1, pp. 7-31. Marx, Karl and Engles, Friedrich (1985 [1888]) The Communist Manifesto, Introduced by Taylor, A.J.P. (Ed.), Moore, Samuel (Trans.), London: Penguin Classics. Marx, Karl (1975) ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction (1843-4)’ and ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts’, Early Writings, Colletti, Lucio (Ed.), Livingstone, Rodney and Benton, Gregory (Trans.), London: Penguin, pp. 243-257; 279-400. Williams, Michael (2003) ‘Review Article: Marx and Hegel: New Scholarship, Continuing Questions’, Science and Society, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 489-496. 1 Footnotes [1] Art, religion and philosophy all represented, for Hegel, the development of the consciousness, with art being intuition in material form, religion ‘truth in a veil’, while philosophy was self-reflection (Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 476). [2] In this encounter, which is a life and death struggle for mutual recognition, the loser becomes the ‘slave’ as he submits to the others will rather than face death, while the winner becomes the ‘master’: he has obtained the recognition of the slave but only by becoming dependant on the slaves labour. The slave becomes a labourer, but recognises his own worth through his own labour: he experiences self-hood through his impact on the physical world. The master’s selfhood is confirmed by the slave’s submission, but it is a negative identity; in order to attain true self-hood the master must recognise the other as equal. Society is thus the result of mutual recognition (see Hampsher-Monk, 2001: 426-427; Hinchman, 1984).

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay -- Health Medical Medicine Essays

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Most people do not expect to become paralyzed during the course of their lives. Barring injury to the nervous system or debilitating disease, one does not expect to lose motor function. In spite of these expectations, people of all races, sexes, ages, and classes can be afflicted with a debilitating syndrome that can lead to difficulty in walking or even to temporary paralysis in the most severe cases. This syndrome is known commonly as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS. GBS is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves. When the syndrome occurs, the body's peripheral nerves become inflamed and cease to work due to an unknown cause. (1) (3) Around 50% of the cases of GBS appear after a bacterial or viral infection. (1) The syndrome can also appear after surgery or vaccination. GBS can appear hours or days after these incidences or can even take up to three or four weeks to appear. (4) Some theories propose that GBS is caused by a mechanism of the autoimmune system that prompts antibodies and white blood cells to attack the covering and insulation of the nerve cells, which leads to abnormal sensation. GBS is considered a syndrome rather than a disease, because its description is based on a set of symptoms reported by the patient to her doctor. (5) GBS is also known as acute inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy and Landry's ascending paralysis after Jean B. O. Landry, a French physician who described a disorder that "paralyzed the legs, arms, neck, and breathing muscles of the chest." (4) (1) GBS was named after French physicians Georges Guillain and Jean Alexander Barre who, along with fellow physician Andre Stohl, described the differences of the spinal fluid of those who suffered f... ...undation International, based in Wynnewood, PA. http://www.guillain-barre.com/overview.html 2) Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. Simon & Schuster: New York. Pgs. 167-185. 3) Guillain-Barrà © Support Group, The homepage for the Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group based in the United Kingdom. The organization disseminates information to sufferers of the syndrome and their family and friends. http://www.gbs.org.uk/index2.shtml 4) NINDS Guillain-Barre Information Page, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke information page on GBS. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/gbs.htm 5) GBS - An Overview For The Layperson, An overview of GBS written by Dr. Joel S. Steinberg, a neurologist that once suffered from GBS. http://members.ozemail.com.au/~guillain/gbs.htm

Robert Frost Biography :: essays research papers

Robert Lee Frost, born in San Francisco, California on March 26th 1874 was named after Robert E. Lee, the commander for the Confederate armies during the American Civil War. He’s an American poet, who drew his images from t he New England countryside and his language from New England speech. Although his images and voice often seem familiar and old, his observations have an edge of skepticism and irony that makes his work, never as old-fashioned, easy, or carefree as it appears. He was one of America’s leading 20th century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After his father’s death of tuberculosis in 1885, when young Frost was 11, the family left California and settled in Massachusetts. Frost attended high school there, entered Dartmouth College, but remained less than one semester. Returning to Massachusetts, he taught school and worked in a mill and as a newspaper reporter. A year later he married Elinor White, with whom he had shared valedictorian honors at Lawrence High School. From 1897 to 1899, he attended Harvard College as a special student but left without a degree. In 1912, at the age of 38, he sold the farm and used the proceeds to take his family to England, where he could devote himself entirely to writing. His efforts to establish himself and his work were almost immediately successful. A Boy’s Will was accepted by a London publisher and brought out in 1913, followed a year later by North of Boston. Favorable reviews on both sides of the Atlantic resulted in American publication of the books by Henry Holt and Company, Frost’s primary American publisher, and in the establishing of Frost’s transatlantic reputation. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment, and though he saw the beauty of nature, he also saw its potential dangers. Frost disliked free verse, which was popular with many writers of his time, and instead used traditional metrical and rhythmical schemes. He often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse, but ran sentences over several lines so that the poetic meter plays subtly under the rhythms of natural speech. Frost listened to the speech in his country world north of Boston, and he recorded it. He had what he called â€Å"The ruling passion in man †¦ a gregarious instinct to keep together by minding each other’s business.† Frost continued to mind his neighbors’ speech and business in his volume Mountain Interval (1916), which included the poems â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, â€Å"An Old Man’s Winter Night†, â€Å"Birches† and more.

The Worst Vacation Of My Life Essay -- Summer Vacation Essays

I used to spend the last part of my summer vacation with my uncle and aunt. As a continuation of a long-ago-established tradition we decided going to York - a small, picturesque tourist town at the seaside, located in the southeastern part of Maine. On the 27th of August, early in the morning we went to my uncle’s car with the entire luggage, prepared to leave and spend a nice, relaxing vacation, far away from the problems of the city. Unfortunately the unpleasant surprises started from the first second of our vacation. To our great disbelief the two front tires of the car were missing, and as later became clear, stolen during the night so at this moment the car was lying on the pavement, like a big wounded animal. I remember that my aunt said that this ought to be an omen of bad luck, warning not to go against your destiny and luck. After several hours repairing the car we, eventually, headed on, ready, for what turns to be the worst vacation in my entire life. However, our lack of luck was not over yet. On our way to the seaside we had a flat tire and after one more wasted hour searching for auto-service and proper repairment we were ready again. Unfortunately, our complete misfortune was still with us. Near Veliko Tirnovo the headway was closed, due to repair works, so we had to turn back a few kilometers and find another, this time not so good way. By this time the day was quickly turning into night. From the car windows I was seeing only the lights coming from the distant villages and the workers hurrying to get home. I thought for a moment, observing those people, that humans are very fragile. They were searching shelter from the coming night in those tiny lights, as they can save them from the perilous dark. ... ...one hospital I understood that she was lucky, because she had no other damages except 3 broken ribs and many bruises all over her body. That accident changed my prospective of seeing things. Long after the vacation I was feeling guilty because I had the chance of helping my aunt, but I failed. I was thinking that if I had not accepted her idea I might have prevented this. For the first time of my life I felt responsible for something. I discovered the meaning of the word â€Å"vulnerable†, and that made me even sicker. I was self-blaming for my inactivity and my helplessness. As the years pass I think that those memories are already left far in the past, that, slowly, I am surpassing them. But the changes are still visible- I am more cautious, knowing that every single moment is bringing certain risk and if I fail to notice it I may easily â€Å"fall from the cliff†.

How the State Profits from War Essay

One of the most enduring misconceptions in economics is that war is beneficial to the economy (Moffatt, n. pag. ). This myth was further perpetuated by the economist and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, who wrote: â€Å"Ghastly as it may seem, (the destruction of the World Trade Center) could even do some economic good†¦ the driving force behind the economic slowdown has been a plunge in business investment. Now, all of a sudden, we need some new office buildings† (Tracinski, n. pag. ). Indeed, bad economics reign in moments of crisis and or panic, when people are desperate for solutions. To refute the alleged benefits of the â€Å"War Economy,† critiques use the â€Å"fallacy of the broken window† (Tracinski, n. pag. ). When a vandal throws a brick through a shop’s window and the shop’s owner has to spend, say, $200 for the window’s repair, the people will think that the defacer has given a positive contribution to society. After all, the repair of the broken window meant an â€Å"instant boost in employment and economic activity† (Tracinski, n. pag. ). But what these short-sighted citizens didn’t know was that the $200 that was spent on fixing the window could have been used in ventures that might have advanced the shop owner’s enterprise. Unfortunately, proponents of the â€Å"War Economy† assumed that â€Å"(since) a broken window can stimulate the economy, (it must be better) when literally thousands of them are broken† (Tracinski, n. pag. ). For them, wars are crucial for the survival of modern economies (Cline, n. pag. ). â€Å"War Economy† advocates believed that almost every industry is involved with providing goods and services to the armed forces (uniforms, food, medicines, weapons manufacturing, etc. ). Hence, should war be eliminated, these businesses, particularly technology and manufacturing, will fold up. Another argument of the backers of the â€Å"War Economy† is that it is the fastest solution to an economic slump (Moffatt, n. pag. ). When the economy is undergoing recession, production is low and people are spending less than usual. But when the government goes into war, it will need weapons and equipment for its soldiers. Economic activity is therefore expected to increase due to the rise both in government spending and the private sector’s business transactions with the miliatry. Corporations will scramble for contracts that will allow them to supply uniforms, vehicles and bombs to the army. These companies will have to hire more workers to keep up with the increase in demand, lowering the unemployment rate in the process. There are even some workers who will be employed to replace those who volunteered as reservists abroad. Since the unemployment rate is decreased, consumers will spend more again. Increased consumption, in turn, will boost the retail sector. At the end of the day, there will be overall economic growth, thanks to the government preparing for war. However, critics contended that the above-mentioned projected economic advancement is at the expense of helpless civilians from Third World countries (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). In 2002, annual global military expenditures were estimated to be more than $800 billion (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). The United States was at the top of this list, spending $343. 2 billion yearly (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). Canada earned more than $3 million from selling weapons in the same year (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). According to the United Nations Platform for Action Committee – Manitoba (UNPAC-Manitoba) article The Economics of War (n. d. ), â€Å"a large part of the economies of all of the world’s wealthiest countries derives from the sale of weapons† (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). From 1996 to 2000, the US exported $54 billion worth of arms – 45% of the total amount of weapons that was exported around the world (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). Russia came second at $21 billion (17%), followed by France ($11 billion or 9%), the United Kingdom ($8 billion or 7%) and Germany ($6 billion or 5%) (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). As a result, says the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2002, 500,000 firearm-related deaths occur annually (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). Each year, land mines kill 15,000-20,000 children and adults (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). Iraq’s cancer rates rose to 700% between 1991 and 1994 due to chemical weapons, while 86 million people have perished in hostilities after World War II (http://www. unpac. ca, n. pag. ). The Iraq war in 2003 was the latest example of how the US turned war into a money-making venture. It was â€Å"rooted in the logic of global monopoly capital, specifically American capitalism, to expand into an empire† (Barona, 33). Despite being packaged as a â€Å"terrorist war,† (to instill fear among detractors) it was brought about by the globalization policies of American multinational companies, particularly the US oil industry and the military-industrial complex (MIC) (Barona, 33). Iraq is one of the world’s biggest oil reserves – it, along with other OPEC countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, has 79% of the world’s total oil supply (__________, 16). For the US to have unlimited access to Iraq’s oil, it simply had to remove Saddam Hussein, a staunch US opponent, from power. Back home, the US economy was sustained by military spending – the injection of fresh capital was necessary to revive an economy that would continue to deteriorate if left to the â€Å"free market† (Barona, 33). But the Iraq war proved to be disastrous for the US economy. The US spends $200 million daily just to be able to continue its military operations in Iraq (Wolk, n. pag. ). Even if the US finally decides to pull its troops out of Iraq â€Å"within another three years, total direct and indirect costs to US taxpayers will likely by more than $400 billion†¦the total economic impact at up to $2 trillion† (Wolk, n. pag. ). Economist and Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz (a well-known castigator of the Iraq war) claimed that the total cost of US military intervention in Iraq is a â€Å"staggering $1 trillion to $2 trillion, including $500 billion for the war and occupation and up to $300 billion in future health care costs for wounded troops† (Wolk, n. pag. ). Stiglitz added that further expenses include â€Å"a negative impact from the rising cost of oil and added interest on the national debt† (Wolk, n. pag. ). These astronomically huge sums of money came from taxes – funds that should have been diverted to basic social services such as education, health and housing. While ordinary American citizens were suffering from the economic catastrophe brought about by the Iraq war, a few individuals and corporations cahsed in on the said conflict. In 2007, Lockheed Martin (the leading weapons manufacturer in the US) had a profit increase of 22% (Scheer, n. pag. ). In the same year, the profits of its competitors Northrop Grumman and General Dynamics rose by 62% and 22%, respectively (Scheer, n. pag. ). Boeing’s profits, meanwhile, increased by 61% (Scheer, n. pag. ). Below are some personalities who were said to have also profitted from the Iraq War: a) Former US President George W. Bush, Sr. – Shareholder and former Senior Advisor in the Carlyle Group, a defense contractor with ties to the Saudi royal family and the Bin Ladens. b) Former Defense Secretary Frank Carlucci – Member of the RAND Board of Trustees and co-chair of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy Advisory Board. Also the chairman of the Carlyle Group. c) Former Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasury James Baker – Former Carlyle Senior Counselor. d) White House Budget Advisor Richard Darman – Carlyle Managing Director e) US Vice President Dick Cheney – Head of Halliburton Co. , an oil enterprise that traded with Libya and Iran through foreign subsidiaries (Lynch, n. pag. ). Thanks to the hysteria brought about by the â€Å"War on Terrorism† and the Iraq war, taxpayers were swindled into funding the â€Å"War Economy† that made millionaires out of Bush and his ilk. And as long as the absurd propaganda of â€Å"The War on Terrorism† and the Iraq war continues to exist, ordinary Americans will spend their entire lives paying taxes not for basic social services, but as a â€Å"tribute† to Bush and his sort for them to be able to live like kings. Works Cited â€Å"The Oil Equation in the US Bid against Iraq. † Education for Development October 2002: 15-16. Barona, Caesar.â€Å"Technology, Power and the ‘War against Terrorism. ‘†The National Guilder July 2002: 32-33. Cline, Austin. â€Å"Economic Benefits of War. † n. d. About. com. 18 February 2008 . Lynch, Colum. â€Å"Firms Iraq Deals Greater Than Cheney Has Said. † 23 June 2001. Global Policy Forum. 19 February 2008 . Moffatt, Mike. â€Å"Are Wars Good for the Economy? † n. d. About. com 18 February 2008 .

Positive Relationship

HKU SPACE Community College Todays agenda ? After this clear up, you atomic number 18 anticipate to know I. The features of a healthy family II. How to initiate inter moions III. How to amend a blood How piece of tail you apply whatsoever unrivalled of the elements to improve bloods in your life? at that place be questions for your egotism-reflection 2 I. Features of healthy kinship 1. Genuineness (Rogers, 1980) ? Revealing your true ego and striving to be h unmatchablest. ? More than absence of lying blossomness and authenticity are significant facets. 3 I. Features of healthy kind 2. Unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1980) ? ready acceptance of each others soulhood. ? positively charged responses not because of any conditions or reasons. ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? I would love you most if you buy the farm the best among your classmates. 4 I. Features of healthy birth 3. Empathy (Rogers, 1980) ? Ability to experience others perspectives, cutaneous geniusss, ideas and emotions. ? Feel what the others feel, world able to put yourself into others place. 5 I. Features of healthy relationship 4. Enjoyments of joy and up. ? looking at of energized. ? Feeling better emotionally after meeting each other. ? Feeling 6 I. Features of healthy relationship . Self-disclosure ? As plurality reveal more of the apart(p) selves, a powerful basis for blaspheme and understanding can be formed. 7 I. Features of healthy relationship 6. Dependability ? coffin nail rely on each other. ? The feeling that you can count on the other to treat you fairly, and this is reciprocated. 8 ? Codependency ? ? ? Codependency is non whizz of the features of healthy relationship. Harmful to the parties involved in the relationships. Codependents feel compelled to help others. They are (excessively) responsive to the take ons of the world to the exclusion of their stimulate needs. ?Do you everlastingly try to enthrall or help others to an extent that yo u whitethorn hurt yourself and others? 9 I. Features of healthy relationship 7. High self-esteem ? ? Enable one to reach out positively to others. I am ok, you are ok. 10 Self-reflection ? ? ? ? ? ? ? tail you ofttimes scan your true self to others? Do you like a soulfulness just because s/he does you steady-going favors? git you a great deal empathize with others? shadow you often disclose yourself to others with ease? Do you often run across lots of period of play when interacting with others? Do you pitch someone whom you can depend on in your life, if not, any doable reasons?Do you think that I am ok, others are ok in addition? 11 II. Initiating Interactions 1. 2. 3. 4. Managing foremost impression margin, acceptance and Appreciation Overcoming unobtrusiveness access pile 12 1. Managing starting impressions ? You have unless one chance to leave a first impression to other batch. On the other hand. ? Be open to your first impression on others. ? intromit time and involvement to verify your first impression. 13 2. From Tolerance, Acceptance to Appreciation ? Tolerance of concourse who are different is a worthy, basic goal of inter soulfulnessal relations. favorable Categorization (For instance, French) ?Stereotyping (Stereotypic labels towards French, such as romantic, stylish, dirty) ? blemish (negative attitudes towards French) ? Discrimination (unfair treatment towards French) 14 ? 3. Overcoming shyness ? ? Move beyond take backiveness and inactivity Start with small behavioral changes ? artless smile to your classmates ? Say hi or good morningto classmates 15 4. approaching people ? ? Looking for approachability cues. ? Approach someone when he/she is in a hurry, involved in other issues? ? Or when they are waiting for a class to start, sit alone and looked open? Checking for approachability. Can I talk to you for 5 mins? ? be you busy right now? 16 Self-reflection ? ? ? ? Do you judge a person immediately based on the first i mpressions? Do you often prejudice people based on their social categories? Do you often disturb others because you never operate for approachability? Do you often find it hard to converse with others? 17 III. How to enrich a relationship 1. Realistic prediction of relationships ? No one is perfect, neither are relationships ? I expect I would always be happy in the relationship. 18 2. Sensitivity ? Having an awareness nigh the perceptions and perspectives of others ?You sense that your friend is a bit odd today, hence offers charges and/help. 3. Appreciation ? Do you often deliver sincere compliments to people around you? 19 4. Little act of generosity ? ? ? Not time-consuming favors however brings significant joy Induce a helping and caring atmosphere The make usually have been overlooked render a little act of kindness to the person next to you NOW. 20 5. assertiveness ? Maintain ones al emit rights and expressing thoughts and feelings in nonthreatening ways. Decline ot hers requests assertively without feeling guilty ? ? I cant help you this time, I need to finish some other important things. 21 6. Negotiation skills ? Conflicts is NOT a matter of right or wrong but is only caused by difference in opinions. Five Styles of managing encroach (Putnam, 1990 Thomas, 1988, cited in Weiten & Lloyd, 2000) ? 22 ? (1) Avoidance ? ? low concern for self and other passel who prefer this style believe that ignoring a problem exit make it go away Low concern for self, high up concern for others Accommodator feels uncomfortable with contrast High concern for self, low concern for others Competitors possibly turn conflict into a win-lose situation ? (2) Accommodation ? ? (3) Competition ? ? 23 ? (4) Compromise ? ? Moderate concern for self and others Compromisers may give up something so both can have fond(p) joy. High concern for self and others Involves a sincere endeavour to find a solution that will maximize the satisfaction to both parties Conflict is viewed as a mutual problem to be tend as effectively as possible 24 ? (5) Collaboration ? ? ? 7. Supportiveness What is the most corroborative utterance or gesture you have ever met? Empathy is important ? Verbal parley ? Cry if it makes you feel better. I will be there for you. ? ? Nonverbal ? a hug or a contact at shouldersJust borrow your ears patiently ? Empowering the person I know you have been soaked and tough. I believe that you can pass through the hard time. 25 8. dealings with difficult people If one of your base members doesnt show much effort on the group project (e. g. , often late for the project meetings, submit work late), how can you deal with him/her? 26 cosmosness assertive ? Being patient, giving people more than one chance, and being empathetic ? Change your reality just being she was short-tempered doesnt mean its going to ruin my day ? 27 Self-reflection ? ? ? Can you express yourself truly turn respecting other persons rights?Do you know how to separate conflicts with others successfully? Do you often show support to others when they are in need? 28 Work on your relationships with the knowledge. Its only YOU who can bring about the betterments. 29 References Hanna, S. L. , Suggett, R. , & Radtke, D. (2007). Person to person Positive relationships dont just top (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall. Rogers, C. (1980). A way of being. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin. Weiten, W. , & Lloyd, M. A. (2000). Psychology utilise to modern life Adjustment at the turn of the century (6th ed). Stamford, CT Wadsworth. 30